Hip Hop The Method of Expression - 1099 Words

From the impoverished section of Bronx, New York arose a youth culture that spread throughout the community like wild fire. Within the gang-ridden, drug-infested streets, a depravation of creativity forced underprivileged African American youths onto the streets in search of an output for their imagination. It was within these streets that hip-hop appeared as the product of independence, self-realization, creativity, and pride. Hip-hop began between the transformations from the late 1960’s to the early 1970’s. It was during this time period, when the former gangs of the late sixties developed into the posses and crews of the early seventies. When former gang territories became perfect locations for block parties and outdoor jams.†¦show more content†¦In the early eighties, popular sportswear brands, such as Adidas, Kangol, and Pro-Keds immersed themselves within the emerging hip-hop scene. Many hip-hop celebrities often wore brightly colored tracksuits, sn eakers with oversized laces, multiple rings, and heavy gold jewelry. Popular hairstyles, like the Jheri curl or the hi-top fade also made an appearance at this time. As the culture progressed, the fashions changed drastically. For in the early nineties, hip hoppers developed a style that reflected traditional African influences, often wearing African chains, Black Nationalist colors of red, black, and green, and a hairstyle known as dreadlocks. As the nineties wined down, sportswear dominated all fads. Prominent brands, such as Ralph Lauren Polo and Tommy Hilfiger gained popularity among the hip hoppers of the time. In addition, there was a rise in popularity of throwback jerseys, produced by the company Mitchell and Ness. In present day many of the popular hip-hop fads have made a come back with a slight twist. High-end clothing brands such as Gucci and Louis Vinton have been made popular amongst hip-hop icons, often to portray a sense of class and wealth (Reese). The lingu istics of the hip-hop culture are highly fluid, creative, and constantly changing. The popular dialect with the hip-hop nation has been developed by a combination of folk hymns of slaves entering the new world, the mourn of jazz and blues singers, and Jamaican dub musicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of Hip-Hop and Youth Culture1376 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Hip-Hop and Youth Culture Throughout the last twenty-five years, a new form of expression has continued to evolve. Hip-Hop, once limited to urban music and dance has become a widespread form of communication exhibited and enjoyed by young people throughout the world. Hip-Hop is no longer limited to rap music and break dancing; today it represents a multi-billion dollar industry that influences everything from fashion to prime- time television programmingRead MoreHip Hop Culture And Its Impact On The American Society895 Words   |  4 PagesEEverything can be defined as a culture as long as a lifestyle is determined by a group of people who integrate the knowledge. Hip-Hop is not only considered as a musical genre, but also a culture. The Hip-Hop culture is an artistic movement that people uses to express themselves by practicing social and artistic habits. Some of these habits include dancing, and the art of producing music. DJs and MCs are responsible for producing the music for this group which is defined as rap. MCs, DJs, and B-BoysRead MoreThe Music Of The Hip Hop1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hip Hop is basically a cultural movement that originated in the Suburbs of cities. It was began to evolve in 1970 and in particular by the Americans who of African descent (American Africans) . Rap is a type of singing. It combines the performance of different rap utter words without committing to a particular tun e, and rhythm. Rap began in Kingston, Jamaica City at the end of the sixties as a kind new musical was derived from dancehall. It has spread in the United States at the beginning ofRead MoreCure of the Streets757 Words   |  3 Pagesit has sprung from necessity† (Farley). Hip Hop was born on the poor and dangerous streets of the USA. Minorities such as African-Americans and Hispanics dominated these streets, and they felt the need to address their long-standing common issues. Therefore, a new form of art, hip hop was born, and became the method of self-expression for these minorities. Lyrics have presented what they have been through. While rap has turned from a tool of self-expression to a multi-billion dollar industry, it hasRead MoreDon t Understand Hip Hop Music s Appeal And Why Youth901 Words   |  4 PagesThe first claim Carl and Virgil make is that adults don’t understand hip hop music’s appeal and why youth listen to it (Taylor and Taylor 210). That c laim, however, doesn’t have any substantial, credible, information to back it up. In fact, in a radio broadcast by Talk of the Nation, â€Å"A Look at Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes†, they discuss that one man as an adult listened to hip hop music as well, stating it was part of the urban culture and he loved listening to it, until he started learningRead MoreAcademic Characteristics Of Hip Hop Culture982 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to explore the major characteristics of hip hop studies, how they have evolved over the years, and how hip hop can be used to teach others. To begin, a great summary of the major characteristics of hip hop studies is The Kaledioscope of Writing on Hip-Hop Culture by Gail Hilson Woldu. For instance, in his book Woldu discusses the academic characteristic of hip hop studies (Woldu, 10). The author gives several examples of major works that have come from academic writingRead MoreDoes Hip Hop have a Place in the Church ?696 Words   |  3 Pageseffort to reclaim the lives and souls of our youth the church began to embrace hip hop into the ministry. There has been great debate on whether or not hip hop has its place in our churches today. I feel that it does simply because hip hop is simply a tag or label placed on the music of African Americans and Latino that used this method of music as a forum to express how they feel. If we take away the word hip hop and the cursing while our youth express themselves in church their music wouldRead MoreThe Graffiti And Its Effects On Society1367 Words   |  6 Pagesstreet gang, some graffiti does not have connection with a street gang. In order to get attention or as a form of looking for a thrill such as antisocial behaviour, graffiti has played a role, but it also could be comprehended as a function of art expression. (UK Essays, 2013). This essay will discuss the graffiti in part of benefits and drawbacks effects in our society. The first drawings on wall started in caves thousands of years ago. Later the Ancient Romans and Greeks noted their names and poemsRead MoreThe Problem Of Hip Hop Music1721 Words   |  7 Pageswill notice a common theme between them; the defense will claim that the lyrics are freedom of speech and should be considered artistic expression, while the prosecutors will claim that the song is either a criminal threat or has too many similarities to the actual crime that it should be considered a confession. The primary basis for this debate is that hip-hop music is a misunderstood cultural practice because of the racial divide between the defendant and the criminal justice system. The precedentRead MoreRap Hop And The Hip Hop Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pages The hip hop community has gone through a number of discussions on the worth and merit of mumble rap across well opinionated youtube videos, long winded podcasts, as well as the vicariously living through celebrities who mimic the style, technique and overall aesthetic of artists associated with the mumble rap genre. Let s say, for the most part, the hip hop community has a problem with mumble rap. For the most part, it makes sense. Humans are prone to resist change, especially as overt as

Event Facilities and Management Free Essays

There are no sporting events that rival the scale and profile of the Olympic Games (Faulner, Spurr, Chalip, Brown 2000). Its substantial impact on economic and social aspects of national and international levels, international event tourism, marketing strategies, provides plenty of points for study and insight. Moreover, officially the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics is primarily a major international multi-sport event, which required plenty of technical, marketing, and event planning. We will write a custom essay sample on Event Facilities and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hosted by the People’s Republic of China however, the sporting event was also or perhaps translated into, a national economic strategy and was subject into an international political debate and public scrutiny. Clamor against the games were rampant and widespread, various political issues hounded event organizers and sponsors. Nonetheless, the Games were participated by 11,208 athletes from 205 countries in 302 athletic events. Interest of the PRC to host Olympics is quite clear. Aside from the new jobs that could be created in the tourism industry, worldwide publicity of the Games will change the way the rest of the world views China. Thus, the Beijing Olympics is a good case study for large events that requires vast logistical management and planning, and present prospects for future State-sponsorship of large special events. Costs of the Games fell largely on Government funds, on the grounds of tourism benefits. To justify spending of the national purse and to thwart cynicism among the public is relevant in pursuing State-sponsored special events (Burgan, Mules, 2000). Evaluating on the benefits of a special event is relevant not only for accountability reasons but to guide future public fund spending; as well as the feasibility of sponsoring mega-events. This paper will provide some insights and analyses on the impacts of the Beijing Olympics, and marketing strategies utilized. Long-term economic impacts of the Games in China are not yet evident. Although some sectors may have benefited from a momentary influx of tourists, hard industries suffered losses due to factory closures to ease air pollution. Social impacts however, tell two sides. While national pride rode high upon the ability of the Chinese economy and technology, there are sectors who suffered from the feat. Mass dislocations and disruption of everyday lives also took toll on the national mood. Internationally, China proved itself as an economic giant, despite negative propaganda and calls to boycott the Games. Marketing for the event is another interesting aspect of the event. Done amid considerable negative publicity, political turmoil, the global financial crisis, and inexperience of the Chinese government in international marketing, marketing for the games fared well. An effective marketing strategy or fortunate circumstances may have contributed to its achievement. With increasing frequency, hosting of international events has been used as a platform for States to bolster economic and development activities (Burgan, Mules, 2000). The potential for national development, media attention, tourism, community involvement and national pride, the Olympic Games calls for a systematic research and analysis. Impacts To fairly analyze and gauge the impacts of the Beijing Olympics, assessment will include economic and non-economic values of the event; covering preparations, actual outcomes, and potential benefits. The costs of the event is estimated to have reached an astounding $40 billion–exceeding the elaborate 2004 Athens Olympics by $25 billion–with costs lying heavily on investments on infrastructure and improvements on transport systems to keep up with the expected influx of spectators and tourists. Event organizers renovated and constructed 37 Games venues and 66 training centers, the largest of which are the Beijing National Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing National Aquatics Center, Olympic Green Convention Center, and the Beijing Wukesong Culture and Sports Center. Expenditure on the Beijing Olympics depended largely on government spending: government-owned banks, local government, and institutions funded more than half of total costs. Subject to criticisms by locals and economists around the globe, China’s willingness to spend public money seemed to be fueled by its determination to prove itself among the most important nations. However, it could be argued that there are also substantial cultural returns and international exposure benefits of hosting the Games. The targets being inflow of consumers outside China, producer surplus could be a more appropriate and descriptive measure to determine success. Producer surplus is derived from the increase in production levels due to a special event, which are assumed to be taken from the opportunity cost of producers (Burgan, Mules 2000). In this case, influx of outside tourism should be placed in high priority. The Games were set to accommodate 2 million tourists–from this number, 500,000 were projected to come from overseas. However, turnout during the Games were below expectations. Hotel occupancy was only at 70% in 5-stars and below 50% in 4-stars, surprisingly even lesser than hotel occupancy at 2007 of the same month. Despite these numbers, the organizers insisted that the 6. 8 million tickets printed were sold out. This could be explained, speculatively, at the low number of foreign tourists: the heightened security, negative propaganda, and strict visa acquisition could all factor in the failure to attract foreigner spending. Considering the amount of money, planning, and logistical requirements of the Beijing Olympics, event tourism through the Beijing Olympics did not meet its ? 8 billion profit from actual event. Nevertheless, impact of an event does not bank solely on fiscal benefits in a cost-benefit evaluation (Dwyer, Mellor, Mistillies, Mules 2000). Other non-tangible benefits are also taken into account. How to cite Event Facilities and Management, Essays

Ethical Issues for IT Security Personnel for Risk- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical Issues for IT Security Personnel for Risk. Answer: Introduction: Security consulting for IT firms can be associated with the paramount significance of data confidentiality. It has been observed that multiple companies and even competing ones are hiring similar IT companies and security consultants for their data encryption and system security needs. However, the instances of leaks of security strategies to competitors leading to breaches have created potential questions regarding the ethical concerns of IT security consultants. IT security professionals are generally liable to access confidential data pertaining to the networks and systems of the organization thereby anointing substantial power in their hands (D.Shinder, 2005). The access to confidential data can be misused by the person either inadvertently or knowingly on purpose. Thereby contemporary precedents for associations between IT security consultants and firms have been largely aligned with the preservation of ethical concerns of IT security. Access to confidential information of an organization could lead IT security personnel to leak it to another organization that may benefit from the data thereby leading to losses for the former. The ethical aspect of the IT security process must be largely inclined towards safeguarding the confidentiality of clients network and system data. The prominent references to training of IT security personnel in the comprehensive technical information and skills also indicate the lack of information regarding the ways in which technology can be misused. Majority of IT security personnel are not aware of the presence of ethical issues and therefore they tend to oversee the crucial nature of ethical aspects in terms of job performance (Johansen, 2015). Ethical concerns related to privacy have become more prominent in the recent times especially with the notable examples observed in the feasibility of reading private e-mail of network users, employee email and disclosure of vital company inform ation. It is also necessary to understand the demarcation between the legal implications and ethical aspects of IT security since legal implications are realized through certain precedents that dictate the approach for the organization to monitor every activity of the employee with the computer equipment (McCrie, 2015). While it is not ethically incorrect for an IT security professional to work for two competing firms, there are no legal barriers for an individual to be employed as IT security professional by two competing firms. It is also imperative to consider that the basic ethical consideration for IT security personnel is to refrain from revealing information of one client to other clients without specific permission. The implications of non-disclosure agreements involved in contracts for IT security consultants are necessary for validating the mandate for security. The personnel have to realize that despite the lack of formal requirement of legal protection instrument, they are obliged to the ethical obligation of sustaining the privacy of company information (Pollock, 2014). The plausible course of action in case of learning about the things from one of the clients and communicating it to the other clients would be to skip any ambiguities pertaining to loyalty and underlying factors that cou ld draw towards unethical behaviour. The utilization of information gained from client A to accomplish benefits for the other client B could not be validated on the grounds of professional ethics. Generally, such scenarios create potential indications towards proliferation of a real world ethical dilemma and also have long term consequences (McCrie, 2015). For instance, the transfer of confidential information to other company could lead to exposure of the valuable trade secrets of an enterprise as well as the limitations on employment opportunities for security personnel in the future. On the other hand, it can also be observed from a critical perspective that confidential information of an enterprise indicating any violation of government regulations or laws could be transferred to concerned government agencies which would not be accounted as ethical violation (Pollock, 2014). Conclusion: Therefore, consultants as well as firms must undertake proactive approaches to safeguard the company information from unethical breaches. Some of the essential measures which could be initiated for ensuring compliance of IT security professionals with the ethical obligations of data security include encryption of electronic copies of data, monitoring of security instruments in industrial intelligence frameworks and refraining from communication of physical copies of information. References D.Shinder (2005), Ethical Issues for IT security professionals. [Online]. Available https://www.computerworld.com/article/2557944/security0/ethical?issues?for?it?security?professionals.html [Accessed 28?July?2017] Johansen, R. (2015). Ethical Hacking Code of Ethics: Security, Risk Issues. Viitattu maaliskuu. McCrie, R. (2015). Security operations management. Butterworth-Heinemann. Pollock, J. M. (2014). Ethical Issues in Policing. Controversies in Policing, 119.

The Basic Elements of Health Insurance

For health insurance to be effective, different aspects must be put into consideration. Universal coverage is a basic element of health insurance. Health insurance should cover majority of citizens in a particular country. In addition, health insurance should be continuous. Continuity allows early detection of a disease and uninterrupted treatment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Basic Elements of Health Insurance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, health insurance should be affordable to low income families and individuals (Gunnar, 2006).Affordability includes incentives, inflation controls and cost to offer cost-effective services. As a result, health insurance can be accessible to low-income individuals and families. Health insurance should promote health and well-being of those it covers. It should include mental health and preventive services. These elements can be summarized as: efficiency, effe ctiveness, patient-centered services, timeliness and equity (Quadagno, 2005). There are several associated with the use of employment based coverage. Quadagno states (2005) that research has made it evident that it is always cheap for a worker to get a health insurance through his employer than doing it himself. It is because the employer can negotiate prices with issuers because he represents many workers. This also becomes easy for the insurance company because it spends less per person as compared to insuring an individual. It is an advantage to the issuer in that the financial risks are spread over a group of people. In addition, the program ensures delivery of quality healthcare services. As a result, innovativeness is a key element in this program. Employer based health insurance has drawbacks too. First, all citizens cannot have access to it because employers offer coverage to their employees only. In addition, if an employee decides to quit his job or resign he losses his co verage. In addition, the choices of healthcare plans are limited because the company intents to minimize the costs. Employer based insurance lacks universal coverage. As a result, the program lacks portability and benefits are not transferable (Quadagno, 2005). There are basic elements which need to be incorporated in health insurance programs to ensure the poor and uninsured have access to insurance health. These elements should ensure services have the following characteristics: affordable, cost-shared, accessible, extended scope of benefits and financed.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The best way that has been known to provide health care to the poor and non insured is through provision of affordable premiums. Statistics show that nine out of ten of the uninsured families and individuals are classified as poor or low-income group (Gunnar, 2006).The premiums offered are exp ensive and this group of persons cannot afford to pay. Provision of affordable premiums can accommodate the poor and low-income persons (Quadagno, 2005). Poor families and individuals are at high risk of being uninsured. In addition, this group of uninsured persons is in moderate or low income families. Cost sharing is essential in provision of health insurance to the poor and uninsured. The employers can contribute towards the payment of premiums for their employees. As a result, the poor can afford insurance premiums through cost sharing (Gunnar, 2006). Stakeholders involved should review the existing health insurance programs to identify and address the gaps in accessibility of services. Insurance companies lack health insurance for children and the elderly (Gunnar, 2006). However, some insurance companies have revised eligibility of individuals to be covered to provide inclusive services. Every citizen in a particular country should access health insurance. Services offered shou ld be universal to ensure coverage of all citizens in a particular country. In addition, the scope of benefits should be reviewed to ensure all members of family are covered (Gunnar, 2006). References Gunnar, W. P. (2006). Fundamental Law That Shapes the United States Health Care System: Is Universal Health Care Realistic within the Established Paradigm, The Annals Health L., 15 (2), 151. Quadagno, J. (2005). One nation, uninsured: Why the US has no national health insurance 5(3), 23-30. This essay on The Basic Elements of Health Insurance was written and submitted by user Nico Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write an Effective Analytical Essay

How to Write an Effective Analytical Essay How to Write an Effective Analytical Essay An analytical essay is one which provides an analysis of a piece of writing without merely summarizing the text. An analytical essay shouldn’t read like a book report, but rather provide an in-depth discussion about the themes and imagery. Effectively argue your points, backed up by textual evidence to support your claims. For an effective essay, write an introduction that grabs your reader’s attention and gets their interest from the very first sentence. Once you’ve got the audience’s attention, lay out your thesis statement describing your intent. After that, the body of your essay will provide some supporting points and paragraphs. This content should keep the reader interested; the best way to accomplish this is to give each claim its own paragraph. The basic analytical essay is written in a five-paragraph format: Introduction the thesis statement Three supporting paragraphs Conclusion recap what you said and further argue your thesis Depending on your instructor’s requirements, you might need more supporting paragraphs. Support your claims by using specific examples from the text. Either use direct quotes from the text or paraphrase, but always properly cite your source(s). If you’ve been assigned an analytical essay and are merely staring at a blank computer screen, is here to help. If you’ve already written the essay and need another set of eyes to examine it and make it better,

Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychological Contract

Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychological Contract Outline and critically evaluate the concept of the ‘psychological contract’. Why is an understanding of the psychological contract considered to be important to the management of the contemporary employment relationship? The concept of psychological contract Introductions There are two kinds of contracts which are the formal, written economic contract as well as the euqally important, informal and unwritten psychological contract. It’s all about how people think they should be treated. Both involve rights, obligations and expectations on the part of employer and the employee. The key feature of the word ‘contracts’ is exchange in term of reward or the effort that employee puts in etc. For instance, the level of effort which employee puts in or employee’s perception can be affected by how they are being treated by the organization. A quite large research literature on the psychological contract has been produced in only a short time with the ke y players being, in the United States, Denise Rousseau (Rousseau, 1995, 2001), Schein (1980) etc. Although much of the interest in the psychological contract is recent, its roots go back a long time, it having originally been discussed by Argyris (1960). History The concept of a â€Å"psychological contract† was first coined by Argyris (1960); it refers to employer and employee expectations of the employment relationship as well as represents the mutual beliefs, perceptions and informal obligations between an employer and an employee. Expanding the concept of the contract was Schein (1980). According to Schien it may be defined as an†Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between every member of an organization and the various managers and others in that organization.† More recently Rousseau and her co- workers (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994) have suggested a more specific definition of the psychological contract. According to them, the psychological contract is characterised not only by expectations, but by promissory and reciprocal obligations. When these obligations are broken, they produce more emotional and extreme reactions than weaker expectations produce feelings of disappointment. Broken obligations lead to feelings of anger and reassessment of the individual’s relationships with the organization. Content The term psychology is derived from the Greek, meaning ‘mind, spirit or soul’ and contract is that the expectations concern non- tangible, psychological issues. There are significant elements of all definitions of the psychological contract include: 1.3.1 integration of beliefs, values, expectations and aspirations of employer and employee, the beliefs of implicit promises and obligations are included, the level to which these are perceived to be met or violated and the level of trust within the relationship. 1.3.2 All the expectations must not be made explicit. It could be the implici t deal between employers and employees. Fairness and good faith are involved. 1.3.3 An significant feacture of the concept is it can be repeatedly re-negotiated, changing with an individual’s, and an organisation’s, expectations, and in shifting economic and social contexts. Yet, a snapshot of one point in time was only provided thus capturing only one stage in this social process. 1.3.4 Because it is based on individual perceptions individuals in the same organisation or job may perceive different psychological contracts, which will, in turn, influence the ways in which they perceive organisational events for instance redundancies or developing or modifying a flexitime system.

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Thus, supply network necessitates several levels of integration with the first being the integration of separate components in organizational structures to create individual networks and secondly, integrating the networks. The first level integration results in manufacturing and distribution networks, because individual networks link to a central warehouse that receives stocks from plants when products are manufactured and distributes them to customers through field warehouses. Thus, two networks with the possible routes for manufacturing and distribution form the supply chain network that involve planning, execution and control of components. Managing flow time is crucial in providing effective customer service in the supply chain; therefore, integration is the basis of supply chain management strategy  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development of efficient MPC system is crucial to the success of all companies that produce goods; since it coordi nates supply chain efforts across company boundaries (Jacobs 1). Inventory is a valuable asset in companies; however, benchmark results indicate that most organizations fail to manage inventory efficiently. Many manufacturers and distributors depend on overly localized inventory policies; thus, companies tie working capital which can result in hurting shareholders. Properly managed inventory acts as a lifeline for supply chain since it propels revenue and competence in companies. In IBM, supply chain inventory practices involve managing flow and positioning of inventory across different stages within the supply chain even in suppliers and downstream partners. The company adopts the opportunity of combining proven supply chain inventory practices, which reduce inventory levels across the organization while improving service levels as well as productivity. The company is does not push back inventory to its suppliers; however, IBM helps its suppliers to reduce their inventory.  Ã‚  Ã ‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rather than monitor and manage inventory at local level, IBM is increasingly adopting supply chain-wide inventory practices. Companies attempt to decrease amount of inventory in their supply chain management, which in turn reduces inventory carrying costs. The company aims at being responsive and reliable to customers, since it is crucial for the company to increase service levels without increasing inventory investment. Since inventory necessary to attain service levels relates to lead time, reducing lead time as well as supply chain unpredictability is crucial to the company. Moreover, IBM aims at improving financial performance, because it is crucial for the company inventory management success to maximize profit contribution and net margin; thus, reducing distribution and manufacturing costs is essential. In some cases the company institutes lean processes for low inventory; however, it is not too low to drain fina ncial performance of the company, which increases manufacturing re-scheduling and lost sales from uncompetitive flow times. Best companies attain high improvement rate from better inventory management practices, which are augmented when they apply technology to practices like supplier collaboration technology. IBM

Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example The movement is stimulated by the recent successful uprisings in Egypt, Tunisia and Syria. Their goal is to confront the status quo in the government and the wealthy people who control most of the world’s resources. Their dominance creates an iniquitous global economy that disfavors the majority who are unable to compete effectively within the capitalist system. They aim at confronting greed, corruption and dominance by the business elites and politicians and creating accommodative redress to all persons (Vag, 2011). â€Å"Moral and economic implications involved in the movement† The OWS believe that a minority 1% of the world’s population controls the majority of meaningful resources. Their slogan, â€Å"we are the 99%† is based on socio-economic statistics for the year 2011. They argue that the 99% in the society is left to survive on very little that compromises their sustainable living. This movement shuns such dominance. They assert that it is instiga ted by insatiability, egotism and corruption. They petition authorities and decision makers to review their policies and redress these economic disparities between the 99% and the 1% (Vag, 2011). The OWS movement is fundamentally an awakening caveat to the people that concentrate the world’s wealth, power and control in their hands at the loss of the society. The movement appeals to the moral reasoning behind utilitarianism. Majority of the world lives in unemployment, poverty and homelessness while another group enjoys luxury, space, wealth and power (Vag, 2011). Therefore, a majority group has a bleak future with an diminishing ability to determine their destiny. The historical and economic implications to these inequalities have resulted to perceived economic injustices. The OWS aims at prompting the decision makers to review these principals consciously and address livelihood variability’s among populations. â€Å"The implications identified against the utilitaria n, Kantian and virtue ethics to apply which theory best applies to the movement position†. The OWS aimed at confronting the corporate dominance in democracy and lack of legal actions to the perpetrators of the global economic crises. The utilitarian principle asserts that the ultimate socio-political and socio-economic achieves collective economic success. This system is not informed by moral merit and virtue. Nonetheless, it is expected to achieve the expected consequences of addressing socio-economic inequalities (White, 2006). The OWS bargains against these grounds to identify a cohesive ground for addressing social inequalities. The Kantian theory emphasizes on equality among all persons. It is perceived as a viable option to utilitarianism (White, 2006). Utilitarian theory overlooks the moral significance of moral virtues that inform minority issues and human rights. The utilitarian principles do not accord intrinsic values to human beings. The goal is to capitalize on in dividual rather than society benefits. The Kant theory concentrates on the most applicable channel to address issues. The theory that best compliments the OWS is the Kantian movement (Vag, 2011). The OWS is specifically is specifically interested in collective benefits and embodies a distinct shift in ethical dimensions. â€Å"Who is responsible for income inequality and wealth distribution in the US, Explain Rationale?†

History of Non Profit Horse Rescue Essay Example for Free

History of Non Profit Horse Rescue Essay At present, there are plentiful of non profit organizations for horse rescue and all of them share the same goals and objectives. These organizations’ main goal and mission is to provide rescue, rehabilitation, foster care, and have a positive environment for those horses and equines that have either been abandoned, abused, unwanted, mistreated, neglected, tortured, retired, or are at risk of going to slaughter. Each non profit organization for horse rescue has its own history. Before long, horses and equines were used for transportation. In 1950’s when motorized vehicles were becoming more practical and affordable, horses were replaced as means of transportation by these lower maintenance and faster vehicles. Because of this, many horses were abandoned and neglected and were being sent to slaughter. Thus in 1952, a non profit horse rescue organization called HorseWorld was established to take care of the many working horses whose jobs were taken away and replaced by the motorized vehicles (HorseWorld, 2008). May wild horses or mustangs or more accurately termed as feral horses freely roam on public lands in several states of America like Arizona, California, Idaho, and Wyoming. But the numbers of mustangs were declining as time passes. Mustangs are horses whose ancestors were domestic horses that first arrived in America with Christopher Columbus on his voyage in 1493 (Lifesavers Inc. , 1997). Many of these domestic horses were freed or escaped from early explorers, native tribes, etc. to become free-roaming horses all across America. In order to protect and rescue these horses, the Wild Free-roaming Horse and Burro Act was passed by Congress in 1971 and many non profit horse rescue organizations have come out to protect, manage, and control wild free-roaming horses on public lands. One of these organizations is the Lifesavers Wild Horse Rescue. There are many other non profit organizations that protect and rescue not only horses but also dogs and cats from dangerous situations. The important thing is that these organizations give a chance for these animals to have a better life. This reflects how these animal rescue organizations give value to the rights of animals to safety and just treatment.

Sling Blade Essay -- essays research papers

Sling Blade Film directed by and screen play by Billy Bob Thornton. Theme Sling Blade’s main theme is the redemption of Karl’s lost childhood. Karl Childer’s overly religious parents believed he was a punishment from God. They severely abused him, treated him like an animal, and forced him to live in a shed in solitude. Everyone in town picked on him and called him names. He was seen as a â€Å"retard† or slower than others. He had little to call his own. His only possessions were a Bible and several books on Christmas and carpentry. Karl was taught the Bible as a child, but it wasn’t really the Bible. The stories they told him were not in the Bible. His parents had made up their own stories and had led him astray on the rights and wrongs of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Karl was 12 years old interrupted what he believed to be the raping of his mother. He took charge and killed the man with a â€Å"sling blade†. He than found out his mother had wanted it so he killed her too. When he killed his mother and her lover he thought he was doing the right thing. Karl believed that if you have to sacrifice to do the right thing than you should do it. Karl was locked away in a â€Å"nut house† for the next 25 years for rehabilitation and correction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Karl’s release he quickly made a new friend, Frank. The young boy accepted Karl with out question because he seemed to be more childlike than man. The two become soul mates. Karl related to Frank through his childlike manner as well as his parental setup. Frank’s mother was a widow dating an alcoholic, abusive man, Doyle. Karl saw himself in Frank and decided to watch over him. The parallelism between the two characters was shown throughout the movie. The love they shared will save them. The â€Å"boys† faced their troubles on a simple level. They avoided the complications of adult views and judgments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl had read the Bible and believed he knew the difference between right and wrong, but was faced with the problem of protecting Frank from a painful future with Doyle. Karl knew that Doyle would manage to poison Frank’s life, or worse, just as Karl’s parents did to him. He tried to reconcile his own simple moral code with everything he had been taught about right and wrong, and must decide whether to stand by and watch, or step in to protect the child. He... ... of an abusive parent or significant other is it right to take their life to prevent danger of losing your life? I don’t understand why Linda stuck around. Doyle doesn’t provide anything for her family. All he does is endanger Frank mentally and physically. It shouldn’t have taken a â€Å"retard† to get rid of Doyle. She should have gotten rid of him in a calmer fashion. That way Karl would be a free man enjoying life on the outside with Frank. The scene that affected me the most emotionally was where Karl and the little boy tell each other â€Å"I love you† and than hugged their goodbyes. I was also touched by the way Karl protected Frank and Linda. He made sure they were safe before he killed Doyle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought Sling Blade was written and filmed well. It did get slow in parts, but overall it kept my attention. I picked up on minute details that on a regular basis I wouldn’t have. This paper made me see the underlying aspects such as the music, lighting, and script. It made me pay attention to what the characters were saying and how they were relating. I now look at film in a new light. I don’t just watch the surface. I dig deeper and watch for everything.

Origins of the Cold War Essay

A. Sources of American Soviet Tension Had difference in view of post war world. US supported the view in which nations gave up traditional military alliances, and dealt with each other in a democratic process, with an international org. as mediator. Britain and Soviets favored view where system of traditional European balance of powers would reemerge. B. War time Diplomacy By Jan 1943 a strain in relations with soviets was evident as Stalin refused to meet with Churchill and Roosevelt. The 2 refused Stalins’most immediate demand to have a 2 european fronts, but assured him that they would have unconditional surrender of Axis powers and they would not leave soviets out of peace negotiations. In Teharan Conference relations between Stalin and Roosevelt became better as Stalin agreed to enter Pacific once hotstilities in Europe died down, and US agreed to 2 front western war. However there was tension on who would lead Poland once war was over. They avoided the issue by leaving it unresolved. C. Yalta In Feb. 1945the big three met in Soviet Union. Stalin was promised some territory lost in Jap Soviet war of 1904, in pacific. Also agreed to UN charter with a security council, with members from 5 major powers. Issue of Polish government was compromised. Soviets had occupied Poland and installed the pro communist Lubin Poles, but also agreed to let in some democratic London Poles into government. The future of Germany was also unresolved. They agreed that after war each troop would control the part of the country they were in and reunification would occur at a later time. US wanted Germany to be reconstructed, and reunited, Stalin wanted heavy reparations. The Yalta conference sidestepped important issues, and made the three men feel like they signed an important document. Weeks after signing Roosevlt watched as Stalin installed procommunist governments in several nations and refused to make the changes he promised to Roosevelt in Polish government. Roosevelt was adamant that Soviets were flexible, but would suffer stroke and die in April 1945. II. The Collapse of the Peace A. The Failure of Potsdam A few days after taking office Truman, much less patient with Soviets chastised foreign minister for violations of Yalta conference. However he had little leverage as soviets controlled central and eastern Europe and US was still in pacific war. Truman insisted on getting 85% of what he wanted but had to settle for much less. Truman conceded Poland and recognized the noncommunist forces in the Warsaw government. To settle issue of Germany Truman met with Stalin and Churchill in Postdam, he accepted the adjustments to the Polish German boarder and but refused Russians to claim reparations from parts of Germany controlled by US French or Britain. This stance made it clear that Germany would remain divided. The western zone friendly to US, the Eastern to Russia. B. The China Problem For US hopes of a peaceful world to come true, China had to be strong and independent, however the Chinese government under Chaing Kai Shek was feeble and incompetent. Chiang had isolated himself, unwilling to face the problem which were facing him. He was in prolonged rivalry with armies of Mao Zedong, which was in control of 1/4 the population. US would pump arms and money to the Chiang. Instead, US now looked to Japan as an alternative pro western force in Asia. US lifted all restrictions, promoting indusrial development, and economic growth. C. Containment Doctrine By 19445 the Grand Alliance was over, and US was now working on a new containment policy. Rather than creating an open world, they would work to contain the expansion of the Soviets. Truman issued his Truman Doctrine based on ideas of diplomat George f. Kennan. United States would help nations resisting sibjugation from outside sources or from armed minorities. He also asked for $400 million to help turkey and Greece, which would help them defeat communist insurgents, and established basis for US foreign policy for next 30 years. D. Marshal Plan American policy maker wanted to do something to strengthen pro American governments in Europe before communists insurgents destroyed them. In June 1947 Sec of State George C. Marshall proposed plan for economic assistance to all European nations even Soviets to join program of recovery. Soviets denied, but 16 other nations joined. Over three years, $12 billion would be given to help spark economic revival. European industry rose 64% and caused communist strength to decline and US trade opportunities to increase. E. Mobilization at Home Failed agreements with Soviets over international control of nuclear weapons, made America redouble its atomic research. The Atomic Energy Commison was to oversee all nuclear research civilian, and military, and in 1950 Truman aoorived development of ne H bomb stronger than one used in 1945. The National Security Act created a new Departmen of Defense which would oversee all armed services. A National Security Council out of thw white house would govern forign and military policy. CIA would replace wartime office of strategic services. And engage in covert methods of collecting onformation. F. The Road to Nato Truman reached an agreement with Britain and France to merge their Germany zones into a new western German Republic. Stalin responded by imposing a tight blockade of western berlin, Truman would drop supplied of food and fuel for ten months allowing a city of 2 million to survive during this time. Stalin would lift the blockade in spring of 1949. Germany was now divided into 2 nations, Federal Republic in west and Democratic Republic in east. In April 1949 12 nations signed agreement declaring an attack on one was an attack on all. Soviet would do the same with other communist nations in Europe called the Warsaw Pact in 1955. G. Reevaluating Cold War Policy A series of events at end of 1949 propelled cold war in new direction as Soviets announced that they had tested their first atomic bomb, and the Chiang Kai-Shek nationalist government collapsed and was replaced by a communist extension of Soviets. Us would refuse to recoginize Chinese government and diverted attention to revitalizing Japan as a buffer against Asian communism. During this escalated atmosphere of crisis Truman called for a through review of forign policy. The National Securty Report was issued in 1950. The doc said US should not rely on other nations to resist communism, US must stop expansion of communism in the world. It also called for 4x increase in US military budget. III. America After The War A. The Problems of Reconversion Economic growth continued after 1945, saving from consumers during the war started a boom, as did a $6 billion tax cut. The GI bill of rights, or Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided houseing, education and job training to vets and increased their spending. Serious inflation cause prices to rise 15 % annually, compounding this was labor unrest as major strikes were occurring in most industries. In 1946 John Lewis led the United Coal Workers out on strike for 40 days. Truman demanded coal mine owners to agree to union demands, simulataneously the nation’s railroads shut down, however Truman threatened military intervention and the strike was over in a few days. Reconversion was difficult for women and minorities who entered during wartime. Now men where returning from war and wanted their old industrial jobs back, many women voluntarily gave them back but as much as 80% and all minority men wanted to keep jobs. Women would look to other areas of the economy, mainly the service sector. B. The Fair Deal Rejected The Fair deal was a 21 point domestic program calling for expansion of social security benefits, legal minimum wage increase from 40 to 65 cents†¦ public works†¦ and other programs. In all he wanted to declare an end to wartime moratorium on liberal reform. However the Republicans would regain control of house and senate and reduce government spending and many other reforms. The Taft Hawley Act would empower president to call a 10 day cooling period before a strike. Truman would veto it but congress overruled. C. The Elections of 1948 Despites results of the 46†² election Truman was not ready to give up on new deal. In 1948 he proposed major civil rights bill but congress would defeat them all. Tuman was trying to build campaign issues. Truman had issue of unpopularity and weakening support in the democratic party. Souther democrats did not like the civil rights bills. Others did not like the way he dealt with Soviets. Republican had nominated Dewey, seemed to offer unbeatable alternative to Truman. Truman called republicans do nothing – good for nothing. To dramatize this he called special session of congress, mostly republican, they met for 2 weeks in which nothing was accomplished. Truman would win by a very slim but decisive margin. D. The Fair Deal Revived The new congress was still hesitant to fair deal but did give some of what Truman wanted. They increased min wage to 75 cents and hour, extended social security to 10 million more people, and National Housing Act built 810,000 homes for low income housing. However his efforts for civil rights, the abolishment of lynchings, poll tax, fair employment all failed. Truman did battle descrimination on his own, he ended descrimination in government jobs, and tried to dismantle it in armed forces. Allowed justice dept. to get involved in discrinitory statues. IV. The Korean War A. The Divided Peninsula At the end of WWII US and soviets had troops in Korea, Russians in left a communist government with strong soviet troops, while us left an anti communist with a small military. The weakness of South Korea made north want to reunite the country. Truman reacted quickly to the invasion by sending limited American military assistance. Soviets protetested the UN Security Council for it refusal in acknowledging the Chinese government. This gave UN agreement to US for international assistance to South Korea. Truman would sed ground forces and General McArthur to command UN operations. Most UN troops were American. After driving communists out of south, Truman gave McArthur permission to go into North to make a uunified independent democratic Korea. B. From invasion to Stalemate The invasion went smoothly with the capture of Pyongyang in October. But Chinese government got weary as UN moved close to Chinese boarder, they would enter war and push Americans back past 38th parallel and take capital of Seoul. By Jan UN started moving back north and regained capital for 2nd time, then war went into stalemate. Truman did not want direct conflict with China which he thought would cause another world war. McArthur thought that it was a just that, a war with China, he thought heavy bombing on communists was necessary. McArthur would write letter to republican leader which caused Truman to relive him of command. 69% of Americans supported McArthur and was welcomed enthusiastically. There was hostility towards Truman until other military leader publicly showed support for his decision. Stalemate continued in Korea, negotiations began in 1951 but war would drag on until 1953. C. Limited Mobilization To fight inflation during wartime Truman set up the Office of Defense Mobilization. When its actions failed Truman took more drastic actions. When rail workers walked off the job he ordered government to take control. In steel strike he did same but supreme court ruled he had exceeded his power. The war brought economic boom as government pumped money into the economy. But made many Americans insecure, and anxious about communism. Did not know why boarder skirmish had gone on so long unresolved and 140,000 dead wounded. Led to second campaign against communism. V. The Crusade Against Subversion A. HAUC and Alger Hiss Republicans wanted something to attack Democrats with and and democrats wanted to take issue away from the,. The House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947, started publicized investigations of communist subversion. They started arguing that communists had infiltrated Hollywood, and when may former communists film maker refused to talk about their politicial beliefs, they were sent to jail for contempt. Another public investigation was against high ranking senate member Alger Hiss, when reports from a former communist agent said that Hiss had passed classified documents to him. Hiss sued for slander but Chambers produced images of the document. Do to statute of limitation, occurred over 7 years ago, Hiss was not prosecuted but was sent to prison for several years. This public believe that communists infiltration was possible. Nixon protected Hiss and made him well known and helped him win seat in senate. B. The Federal Loyalty Program and the Rosenburg Case To protect against republican attacks, Truman initiated a widely publicized loyalty review program of many federal employees, causing 2,000 to resign and 212 to be dismissed. This caused other attacks on subversion. Direct of FBI investigated alleged radicals. When Russians successfully detonated atomic bomb there was talk that information had been passed from America. Young british scientists testified he gave information, the trial eventually led to a couble, Rosenburgs, members of communist party. They were sentenced to death and after 2 years of appeals killed in electric chair, they maintained their innocence. All these cases came to grip the nation of subversion. The public was fearful of infiltrated communists and being accused of communism also. Out of this would come public figure of McCarthy. C. McCarthyism In a speech Joseph McCarthy declared that he had a list of 205 communists in the US senate, his statement was so bold, it made him a prominent figure and leader of crusade against subversion. McCarthy then moved to other agencies and was made chairman of special subcommittee on subversion in the government. He never proved conclusive evidence that anyone he accused was really a communist. Republican rallied that democrats had been responsible for 200 years of treason. Few spoke out against him, even Eisenhower who dislike him did not while running for presidency. D. Republican Revival Frustration in Korea, and a bad year in Democratic party caused Truman to drop out of Presidency race. Gov. Adali Stevenson would be nominated instead. Republican nominated Eisenhower, and as his running mate chosen Nixon. Nixon would attack the democrats for being cowardly in their attack against communism. Eisenhower and Nixon would win overwhelmingly, and republican would regain control of both houses. The election ended 20 years of democratic domination, and ended worst turbulence of post war era. VI. Conclusion Even during world war II US and Soviets had different views of what world should be like once war was over. Right after the war this difference in opinion became evident. US thought Stalin was like Hitler in their quest for world domination, Stalin thought US wastrying to protect their world dominance by not allowing Russia to be a world power. The result was high tensions and the Cold War. US would help revitalize the broken Europe by gioving economic aid through Marshall plan and protecting them from communism. At home hysteria of the infiltration of communists into American government was fueled by reports and publicized court cases.

Midsummer Night’s Dream Analysis

Illusions A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay Is it a dream or reality? The connection between the real world and a world created by our own vivid imagination while we sleep is somewhat uncanny. A plethora of individuals cannot fathom how the brain can create such realistic scenarios in such little time. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, the author uses his knowledge of dreams to create his play. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not only the title of this play but the overall theme as well. In the story dreams bring many changes within the plot.Dreams change the opinion of characters and open their eyes to a different reality. A large connection between dreaming and theater is made at the end of the play in Puck’s famous final speech. Midsummer also plays a large role in the theme of this play as well. We will discuss all of these topics within the next few paragraphs. â€Å"Like dreams, love is foolish, crazy and driven by desires. † Say s an article called The Meaning of the Title in  A Midsummer Night's Dream  by Shakespeare. The relationship between the four lovers, Hermia, Helena, Lysander, and Demetrius is based on their dreams and desires.When Hermia had a nightmare depicting a snake eating her heart, â€Å"Methought a serpent ate my heart away,/And you sat smiling at his cruel  play† (pg. 64-65) it foreshadowed Lysander’s newfound love for Helena which was only temporary. Lysander was casted into a figurative dream as Puck placed the love petals upon Lysander’s sleeping eyes. When Lysander awoke and Helena was the first one he saw, Lysander began to long for her and fall in love with her. This is important to the plotline because it shows what a dream can do to a person.It also helps build Puck’s character as a careless trickster. Although Helena believes Lysander’s attempts to win her heart as merely a cruel joke the reader understands Lysander is trapped in a dream. Puck then with instruction from Oberon, the King of the Faeries places the love petals in the eyes of the sleeping Demetrius to let him fall deeply in love with Helena who loves him. At the same time Puck is instructed to put these petals into Titania’s, the Queen of the Faeries eyes so that she may hopefully fall in love with an â€Å"ounce, or cat, or bear† (pg. 55).This is so that Oberon can take the Indian boy away from Titania and use him as a servant. This will solve their marital problems and bring balance back to the mortal world. Titania falls in love with Bottom, of whom which was ironically transformed by the all magical Puck into an ass. â€Å"O Bottom, thou art changed! What do I see on thee? †(pg. 75) This shows the illusions of dreams and love. Titania was in love with what she thought to be the most majestic and absolutely wonderful mortal she had ever laid eyes upon while in reality the creature she fell in love with was an ass.This also shows i rony connecting the stubborn personality of Bottom and what he was transformed into. The relevance of Midsummer in the theme of the play is that many things grow in the summer, thrive. It’s a wonderful time and usually what people think of when they think of love. It is the season for life and growth as winter is for death. The nice weather drives people out of their homes and into the open outdoors. This is appropriate because people like Lysander and Hermia wouldn’t normally in winter be traveling through the woods and stop to rest.It would be too cold. The setting also portrays a summer atmosphere. It also believed that the faeries come out to trick passing travelers in the nights of midsummer. They are known to play jokes on them and to get enjoyment out of mortals. This is probably why Oberon is so interested in Helena’s despair. He must feel sorry as well as want to have a little fun with the mortals. He then instructs Puck to fix her love problem. Puck, t he trickster faery is very active during this time.He plays tricks on almost everyone in the play, finding enjoyment in transforming Bottom into an ass and making Titania fall in love with him. This play is based upon love, tricks, comedy, and dreams so the faeries coming out during this time was important to the main plot and in agreement with the legend of faeries coming out during midsummer nights. Lastly Puck’s final speech shows the connection between dreaming and theatre by stating â€Å"While these visions did appear. /And this weak an idle theme,/No more yielding but a dream†(pg. 172-173).This shows us that dreams happen in order to weave the importance of the main theme of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Without the illusion that clouded Titania’s eyes she might not have fallen so deeply in love with Bottom, the ass. During the practice of the play Pyarmus and Thisbe Snout wouldn’t have noticed that Bottom had been transformed. Without the illu sion of the love petals of the pansy flower Lysander might have seen through the weak shade of fake love for Helena. He would have realized his heart belonged to Hermia. Demetrius may have never moved on and loved Helena.The ending during Puck’s speech really ties together the whole play and helps us come to the conclusion that dreams were necessary for the plot and theme of the play. Puck wants us to feel as if it was all a pleasant dream, but at the same time he wants us to remember everything that happened, good and bad and learn from it. Nothing in this play is quite what it seems so it is ironic at the end to be trusting Puck who is such a tricky character. What we take from his final speech is to enjoy the happy ending and always be wary of dreams.Dreams and reality coexist in our lives as much as they do in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. We understand the theme of this play more closely if we examine key points that support the theme and title as one. Illusions and reality, Puck’s final speech, and the relevance of midsummer help us connect the title and theme. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, the author uses his knowledge of dreams to create his play. A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not only the title of this play but the overall theme as well. As â€Å"honest Puck† (pg. 173) says before he departs â€Å"So good night unto you all. † (pg. 173)Bibliography â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Analysis of Lines 5-20 of the Epilogue. †Ã‚  Article Myriad. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. articlemyriad. com/midsummer-nights-dream-analysis/;. â€Å"The Meaning of the Title in A Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare – Yahoo! Voices – voices. yahoo. com. †Ã‚  Yahoo! Voices – voices. yahoo. com. N. p. , 10 July 2005. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. ;http://voices. yahoo. com/the-meaning-title-midsummer-nights-dream-6294754. html;. Shakespeare, William. A midsumm er night's dream. Washington Square Press new Folger's ed. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993. Print.

Significance of marketing strategies and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab Dubai. The WritePass Journal

Significance of marketing strategies and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab Dubai. Abstract: Significance of marketing strategies and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab Dubai. Abstract:Chapter 1.1: Introduction:Chapter 1.2: Statement of the problem:Chapter 1.3: Significance of the problem:Chapter 1.4: Purpose:Chapter 1.5: Statement of hypothesis:Chapter 1.6: Limitations:Chapter 2.0: Review of related literature:Chapter 3.0: Description of the research design:Chapter 3.1: Sources of data:Chapter 3.2: Sampling Procedures:Chapter 3.3: Data gathering instruments:Chapter 3.4: Statistical treatment:Chapter 4.0: Data analysis:Chapter 5.0: Major findings:Chapter 5.1: Conclusion:Chapter 5.2: Recommendation for the further investigation:Reference:Related Abstract: The twenty first century has been the age of advance technology, information and communication systems. So, in this age of travel and tourism has been simplified due to the advances in communication technology. The trends related to travel and tourism has increased significantly. Change in attitudes, lifestyle, more holidays taken, appeal of popular destinations and the development in hospitality industry influence people in travel and tourism. Travel and tourism is a leisure activity served by the tourism and hospitality organizations. By encompassing travel and tourism there has been an evolution in the increase in tourism and hospitality organizations in the market. Tourism and hospitality market is getting popularity day by day for its potential. This is why this market is becoming competitive. To survive and prosper in competitive business environment marketers require developing marketing strategies by which they can compete in the market. Tourism and hospitality marketing is b ecoming dynamic and challenging all around the world because of its competition (Briggs, 2001). The tourism and hospitality marketers are moving from traditional marketing practices to innovative marketing practices because of its market demand. Meeting   the customer’s increasing needs and demands require marketers to develop innovative marketing strategies. Marketing people are continuously trying to improve their tourism and hospitality product and services for the customers. Today customers are very much service oriented because they have variety of options to chose the brand. To develop the brand marketers are continuously trying to improve their brand by providing extended services to the customers. The significance of public relation in tourism and hospitality organizations is increasing because of its effectiveness. By building public relations the organizations are moving to the varied approaches of marketing where the marketers are having its benefits. Our researc h will investigate how Burj al Arab a seven star hotel is performing their varied marketing strategy approaches to the competitive business environment. Our research will find out what marketing strategies are effective for the Burj Al Arab as a tourism and hospitality organization. We will analyze the different marketing strategies in tourism and hospitality organization. How Burj Al-Arab is operating their public relation tactics in this market.    Chapter 1.1: Introduction: Tourism and hospitality marketers have tended to expand their market share worldwide by approaching their marketing strategies and efficiency (Tepeci, 2009). Marketing is the process of creating value for the customers. Survival in the market requires brand recognition in the particular market. Burj AL-Arab is a seven star hotel in Dubai (UAE). The very fact is that they have gained brand recognition owing to effective public relation strategy. Tourism and hospitality market is a dynamic market. Because the customers needs and wants are changing. To meet with the changing customer’s needs and wants development of goods and services is an essential requirement. Tourism and hospitality sectors are service oriented market. Customer expects better service as well as satisfaction. But the word ‘satisfaction’ is difficult to perform. The first requirements of customer satisfaction are developing quality products and services. Burj al Arab being a luxury hotel in Dubai h as target customers in tourism and hospitality market and hence satisfaction of this target segment is vital. Normally tourism and hospitality marketers require relationship marketing rather than transactional marketing. Transactional marketing is only buying and selling approach and there is no tendency to build up relationship with the customers. But for sustainable marketing it requires relationship marketing. Relationship marketing creates long-term relationship with the customers. But building relationship with customers is not easy task. When a brand tends to build relationship with its various markets requires some strategic marketing approaches. Brand development or branding is very important for developing relationship with the customers. Different company develops their brand in different way. Burj al-Arab has developed their brand in tourism and hospitality industry as world’s first seven star hotel that provides exquisite service. The product and service quality a dd the additional value to this brand. Successful branding is important in this market as a successful brand acts as a statement for the company to the customer segment. How can a company can develop their brand in this competitive age?. Delivering quality products and service continuously to the market can give brand recognition to the company. Market is always competitive in nature for its rivals. By differentiating the product from the market or form the competitors a marketer can develop their brand. Then brand positioning is significant to get response from the market. Brand positioning is very much effective for the company to harvest form the market. Burj al-Arab has brand positioning in the market. Tourism and hospitality organization target customers are tourists, business people, traveler, event management, sports team and so forth. All of these are customers are the single time customers. They buy products and services again and again. So, organization can build relations hip marketing with this customer so that they buy the product and services from this brand customer loyalty is an important asset for the brand (Kapferer, 2008).Customer loyalty provides the brand loyal customers. Loyal customers are asset for the company because these customers can create many more customers for the company. It is not easy to create loyal customers. It requires reliability and creditability in the market. Why people will buy products and services from the same brand? Why customer will remain loyal to the brand? Is it the ability to trust? .Customers expect guarantee of their sacrifice (Price). Customer is the king in the market it should provide value to the customers needs and wants. Customer’s expectation is more now in the market. Marketers will have to meet with customer’s expectation. A strong brand is a promise to the customers. Burj al-Arab is a brand that promises to deliver high quality product and services to its target market. By doing this continuously they can develop a brand. Brand creates a faith to the mind of customers than the brand is providing a solution to the problem positively. To have a positive image over the market marketers can provide more than customer’s expectation. A delighted customer will act as the brand ambassador to the brand. Marketers can target the customer’s heart and mind to win over them and will provide positive emotional bonding which will develop a mutual beneficial relationship focusing on trust, good understanding and support. These marketers can develop a strong brand in the competitive market environment. To perform these activities marketers may require sufficient market research activities to know what customer wants. Why they want?   when they want? And how they want? A good solution of this question will provide marketers to reach the customer’s emerging demand to provide satisfaction. Public relation (PR) revolves around this world, people act based on their perception of facts (Wilcox, 2003). Public relation is one of the promotional strategies. It is not like advertisement. Public relation is very strong tools of communication in the competitive market especially in tourism and hospitality firm. Our organization Burj al-Arab is a big organization in hospitality market. Such an organization has huge opportunity of performing public relations activities by which they can enhance their marketing network and public image in the market. Normally public relation creates awareness to the mass market to the brand. Today customers face so many brands in the market. This is why they can forget any brand. So, public relation is very much effective tool to create special awareness to the customers by focusing positive side of the organization. Public relation is more effective in terms of its cost and benefits (Raja, 2004). Public relations provide an improved understanding in the market between marketers and customers. Competition is increasing day by day. To face the increased competition public relation provides the awareness to the company’s actual and potential market. Today marketers are also focusing on network and relationship marketing strategy. Relationship marketing strategy is very much significant in tourism and hospitality market because the customers of this market are repeated. A business man frequently comes to London for his business purpose. So, the relationship marketing is effective in this market. Relationship marketing can create a customer network.. Better product and better service will keep remain customer loyal to the brand. Then a satisfied customer can create more customers through the network. Only marketers require maintaining regular communication with the customers. Due to increased competition, marketers are shifting to strategic customer relations. Strategic customer relation increases customer’s loyalty to the brand. To meet with customers unlimited needs and demands marketers develop various products and services while marketers launch any new product or services than marketer conduct viral and guerilla market ing activities. Viral marketing is done to generate huge amount of buzz and brand awareness to the customers. For example launching a new package tour product or introducing any new service Burj al-Arab can conduct viral marketing campaign for high public awareness in the market. On the other hand guerilla marketing is an unconventional marketing promotion activity. These marketing activities are not for any target customers. Guerilla marketing may be any public space, where people have crowded to spread the information. Marketing activities have become more speedy and effective since last decades because of internet availability and accessibility. E-marketing has solved various marketing problems. Now tourism and hospitality operators can invite guests through e-marketing or electronic marketing technology. Chapter 1.2: Statement of the problem: Significance of marketing activities and public relations of hotel Burj Al-Arab. Chapter 1.3: Significance of the problem: Any products or services can’t move to its customers without marketing activities. Burj al-Arab is renowned brand in hospitality market around the world. They have a target customer and market segmentation strategy. But it is also important to inform the target customers about their offerings in the market. In previous time marketers would think that advertising and other marketing activities are waste of money. However times have changed. Now we are living in global village where information is very important to reach the customer’s door. In this global age tourism and hospitality market is very much competitive because of free market economy, information super high way, faster communication. Tourism and hospitality is becoming growth factor of economy in many countries. Different countries are developing their tourism and hospitality product and services. So, the competition is increasing among the continent. In these circumstances customers are also facing variety of brands. Customer’s expectations have increased due to brand overcrowding. So, to develop the brand in the market, marketers are developing their strategy to capture their customers. To have the loyal customer’s marketers need to improve their service. The relationship marketing and public relations have become significant to the both marketers and to the customers. So, our study will verify to learn marketing strategy and to understand the significance of marketing strategy in tourism and hospitality market. Chapter 1.4: Purpose: The main purpose to study of this research is To investigate the significance of marketing strategies and public relations in tourism and hospitality market. To evaluate the effectiveness of marketing strategies in competitive tourism and hospitality market. To determine how Burj al-Arab is conducting their marketing strategies and public relations in their business development. Chapter 1.5: Statement of hypothesis: Marketing strategies and public relation (PR) has significant role in promoting tourism and hospitality product and service. Chapter 1.6: Limitations: Our research may face some limitation in conduction this study. As we will use secondary data to conduct this research so, that data may be invalid. The collected data and information may be expired to get the effective outcomes from the study. The unavailability of data may be another limitation of our research. Chapter 2.0: Review of related literature: Tourism and hospitality management organizations are facing competition in the market due to customers growing needs and demands (Deuschl, 2006). So, marketers are developing their marketing strategy to manage tourism and hospitality in the competitive market. Due to increased competition in the tourism and hospitality market, marketers are developing package tours and travels to attract variety of customers in the market. But they need to communicate this to their customers. In travel and tourism industry marketers target both local and international customers. Hence the target market is global. Each and every organization needs to have market sustainability. Brand image and brand loyalty provides the marketers sustainability in the market. Both of these marketing management activities provide the brand good positioning in the market. So when customers are dissatisfied with the product or services then they switch off   towards another brand. Marketers require customer retention i n the market. Customer retention provides the marketers good sustainability in the competition. Customer retention is more important than gaining new customers. In tourism and hospitality market organization can develop their strategic relationship with customers. To retain the customer tourism and hospitality organization launch strategic marketing campaigns such as VIP membership card, special loyalty card, life time customer club card. Tourism and hospitality marketers can move from transactional to relationship marketing approach. Hence successful relationship marketing is more effective than transactional marketing. Transactional marketing emphasis only on single transaction but relationship marketing provides emphasis on to the customer’s retention and customer loyalty. All of these marketing activities are focusing the customer loyalty. Burj-Al-Arab can launch customer loyalty program to have loyal customer in the market. Public relation (PR) activities are involved wi th management of reputation of the brand. Brand reputation is very important for the company’s market image (Oliver, 2004). Public relation activities provide customers positive attitude to the organization and its brand. Such type of promotional activities influence customer to stick to the brand. Thus marketers gain competitive advantage over the market. Burj Al-Arab has huge opportunity as a 7 star hotel to conduct public relation activities which give them good market reputation in the market. So, it’s an easy and effective way to conduct public relation activities by which they can gain market recognition in the highly competitive market. They also can have third party endorsement of opinion from any political or celebrities. In today’s marketing management a good public relation is important than ever before. Now customers are very much informed and intelligence with knowledge. It is also true that public is bothered with the exaggeration of advertisement for products or services. The difference between advertising and public relation is the public relation provides more important information to the public. It provides valuable information for customer’s awareness. Credibility is very important in public relation. An organization is to maintain high level of credibility in public relation. An organization is to maintain high level of credibility in public relation campaign (Andrew, 2009). In this case marketers can make a good relation with a local news paper who will write a good relation with a local news paper who will write a good article regarding the brand and their activities. To make effective public relation the organization can do extraordinary activities in the society. The public relation provides trust worthy news to the society which creates brand image in the market. Hospitality marketers develop new product and services for customer attraction. Very common marketing strategies by tourism and hospitality organization they create joint marketing promotional activities with travel and tourism organization. In this situation the organization can develop a package product for the customers. Their new product may be a new destination tours and travel; they can arrange an event, entertainment and recreational arrangements to attract customers. A brand loyal customer can create many more new customers. By performing word of mouth (WOM) company can have good market recognition. Market recognition is important for building and developing relationship marketing. At present marketers is laying emphasis on relationship marketing. Relationship marketing is performed for attracting and retaining customers for long time. To attract and retain customers organization requires quality product and service delivery. A brand’s responsibility is to make custome r happy with their product and services. To gain loyal customers a marketer’s responsibility is to provide customized service for individual customers. A market oriented organization delivers customer oriented service or customized service by which they can make happy the customers and can keep then loyal to the brand. Marketers require to be continuously monitoring customer satisfaction. Customer’s needs and wants are continuously changing. So, to meet these changing requirements of customer it requires satisfaction monitoring. Customer satisfaction monitoring provides marketer efficiency to provide market oriented product and service. Burj Al-Arab is a hospitality organization. They must monitor customer satisfaction to keep the customer’s needs and demands update. By motivating this marketers develop their new product or can improve the existing product. Network and relationship marketing is a new requirements for the marketers point of view (Shafi, 2008). Ne twork and relationship marketing provides strong network connection with company’s various customers. Thus network and relationship marketing benefits marketer in two ways one being connected to customer’s remaining loyal to the brand. The other importance is customer can provide their reaction to the brand. Customers can provide their ideas, need and demand to the marketers. In tourism and hospitality organization can build network and relationship marketing strategies. By building and maintaining network and relationship marketing strategy company can increase their market share. Strategic relationship provides company market survival and growth. To survive and significant prosper in the market strategic relationship is very important. Hospitality organization can build strategic relationship with other organization which is involved with travel and tourism service. For example Burj Al-Arab makes a strategic relation with British Air ways. Strategic relation is a con tract between two parties. In this case the hospitality organization can contract that are passengers in British air ways will get special benefit from Burj AL –Arab to take hospitality service. Thus this hotel can increase their customers and market share. Viral and guerilla marketing is effective for new product launch in tourism and hospitality organization. E-marketing or electronic marketing is very significant for tourism and hospitality organization. Now customer can do everything being at their home. Internet and e-marketing has made it easy. Tourists can buy their travel ticket, hotel booking and spot renting everything they can perform without any effort. So, e-marketing is very much effective for travel and tourism. Chapter 3.0: Description of the research design: Research design is very important to conduct a quality research. Our research will be qualitative and quantitative. Both qualitative and quantitative research will provide us effective outcome. Qualitative research h will provide us in depth understanding of research problem statement. On the other hand collected data will be analyzed in quantitative form with numerical presentation. Both of this will provide us good result our study. Chapter 3.1: Sources of data: Our data will be collected from the secondary sources. The secondary data will be available in the previous research paper, journal of articles, newspaper, book, trade magazine and in the internet. Chapter 3.2: Sampling Procedures: Conduct this research will take selective sample. The selective sample will provide our research significant result. Chapter 3.3: Data gathering instruments: Our will collect our field research representative. They will collect necessary data from various sources. To collect data they will contact the responsible organization earlier. Chapter 3.4: Statistical treatment: To get significant result from our study we will conduct statistical treatments. We will cluster analysis, regression analysis. Chapter 4.0: Data analysis: analysis is very significant part of the research. Our analysis data will be presented with appropriate text, necessary tables and figures and chart. Chapter 5.0: Major findings: Major findings of our research are: Marketing strategies are significant for Burj Al-Arab as a tourism and hospitality organization. Brand image is important for customer’s loyalty. Brand loyalty provides customer retention. Public relation provides good customer management and reputation for the brand. Public relation tactic provide customer retention in the market to specific brand. Chapter 5.1: Conclusion: Marketing is creative and dynamic. There are various customers in the market with different needs and wants. Marketer’s responsibility is to meet that customers needs and wants by providing quality products and services. There are different hotel are operating in tourism and hospitality market. Burj Al-Arab is one of them. To attract tourist customers they have different marketing strategies. In this way they differentiate from their nearest competitors in the uniqueness of services provided through innovative public relation campaigns they have good customer relations to provide them satisfaction. Strategic marketing is providing them market efficiency to complete in the market. Thus they are developing their market day by day and are   force to reckon with in the luxury hospitality market segment Chapter 5.2: Recommendation for the further investigation: Further investigation my be on impact of brand image in customer retention. Significance of relationship marketing in tourism and hospitality organization. E-marketing to manage customer relation. Reference: Dennis L. Wilcox, Public Relations Strategies and Tactics, 2003, ISBN-0205360734 Hasim Raja, significance of public relation in tourism market, 2004 Harper Deuschl, Development study of tourism and hospitality organization, 2006 Jean Noel Kapjerer, The new strategic brand management, 2008, ISBN-13:978074945085-4 Mustafa Repeci, Increasing brand loyalty in the hospitality industry, A journal of article, July 2009 Sandra Oliver, Public relation strategies, 2004, ISBN-0749435410 Susan Briggs, Successful Tourism Marketing, 2nd edition, 2001, ISBN-0749434694 flightmapping.com/airlines/QatarAirways/,Access date: 16/01/2011 http://directrooms.com/uae/hotels/burj-al-arab-hotel-dubai-731.htm, Access date: 17/01/2011 onecaribbean.org/content/files/UNWTOTOURISMOUTLOOK2010.pdf, Access date: 17/01/2011

Health Communication verses Social Marketing and allocationof Essay

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Evolution Of Non Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement has historically maintained a clear and unequivocal principled position against all forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and any kind of religious intolerance. In the latest Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Havana in September 2006  [i]  , the heads of State or Government of the member states reaffirmed once again their condemnation of all forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including the platforms and activities related thereto, which constitute serious violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms and impede equal opportunity. At the same time, they expressed dismay at instances of religious and cultural prejudices, misunderstanding, intolerance and discrimination on the basis of religion or beliefs, and called for the full respect of cultural and religious diversity. 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The establishment of associations and political parties, with a racist platform, the social exclusion and marginalisation of the indigenous peoples, minorities and migrants  [iii]  , the proliferation of discriminatory migration laws and policies  [iv]  , and the passing of anti-terrorist legislation that provide broad spaces to arbitrariness and the exercise of public authority on discriminatory and xenophobic basis, continue to be a matter of concern. CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) being an international organisation of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. The movement was largely the brainchild of Indias first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, president of Egypt Gamal Abdul Nasser and Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito. It was founded in Belgrade (1961); as of 2009, it has 118 members and 17 observer countries.  [v]   The purpose of the organisation as stated in the Havana Declaration of 1979 is to ensure the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics  [vi]  .They represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nationss members and comprise 55% of the world population, particularly countries considered to be developing or part of the third world  [vii]  . Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-aligned movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South  [viii]  , and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests  [ix]  , the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states  [x]  , but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à  -vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions  [xi]  . The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the worlds poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world  [xii]  , and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalisation and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The non-aligned movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security. It is in this context, that it would be apt to launch oneself onto a provocative and entertaining meditation on what can be called xenophilia- an affinity for strangers, a very deep but rarely acknowledged aspect in human psychology. It was at the heart of the Non-Aligned Movement, with whole nations taking pride in the trans-national friendships of their leaders, such as Nehru, Sukarno, and Nasser. It would be safe to add Mao Tse-tung to the list as well. Roads were named after leaders from other continents, a gesture not without meaning, as one can clearly argue the paucity of such a consideration in the naming of streets in London or New York. Contrary to popular acceptance, the real cosmopolitanism is to be found in the Third World, not the sophisticated West, despite its gamut of globe-trotting businessmen and tourists, touring the Holy Land or Pyramids, oblivious to the real lives of the locals  [xiii]  . The Non-Aligned Movement has had been quite successful at serving the cause of East-West understanding. Over the years, with the holding of meetings of leaders from all over the world, the deliberations and ministrations have seen the development of awareness of the aspirations, defeats and disappointments of colonized peoples as they figure out their place in the world. The Movement has set itself the task these days of fighting the escalation of words and arms between East and West, particularly between Islam and West. The maturation of the Movement in the recent past has been so profound, that the summit in Havana made headlines in the international media as a revived forum for nations that want to take an independent position in a one superpower world, even though it was subject to much scorn and ignorance by U.S. commentators. The tone was set when two leading adversaries of the United States, Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez, had embraced each other.  [xiv]   For a country like India, one of the founding nations of the movement, we would be reluctant to embrace anti-Americanism, but still it would be understandable to endorse the impulse to stand independent of the United States.  [xv]   What the Non-Aligned Movement now, and always has, expected of its member nations is to withdraw them from hanging onto the coattails of Washington, neither does it demand of them to spew invectives at the US. However some NAM countries have clearly disregarded that and have afforded themselves to be anti-American. Thus one can argue that some member nations with their strong anti-American rhetoric, have bared their fangs out, throwing all winds of logic out of the window. They have thus, consciously disregarded the binding principles and values embodied in the agreement towards creation of the Movement, as such a rising appeal for an anti-US front is self -defeating while being reconciled with the core-principle of staying independent or non-aligned. If we were to just sample some of the sound bytes emerging from Havana. Cubas acting president Raul Castro, brother of the ailing Fidel Castro, said in his inaugural address to the NAM summit: When there is no longer a Cold War, the United States spends one billion dollars a year in weapons and soldiers and it squanders a similar amount in commercial publicity. To think that a social and economic order that has proven unsustainable could be maintained by force is simply an absurd idea. He was enthusiastically backed by Irans Mahmoud Ahmedinejad and Venezuelas Hugo Chavez. FOREGROUND If we are to delve into the inspiration behind the ascent of such a Movement, where disparate cultures and civilizations separated by thousands of miles, was successful, the one aspect that stands out was the general impression that the East had lost out to the West. In the Cold War environment of the 1950s and 60s the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa found themselves facing a decision about alignment with one or the other of the two camps, a process vigorously encouraged by the superpowers and their allies. Non-alignment provided an alternative, an instrument for non-involvement: The concept of no-alignment as envisaged by the founders- Nehru, Nasser and Tito-was to serve the purpose of a safety valve for the smaller nations against pressures from the big powers and as a profilaxis against being drawn into the politics of Cold War.  [xvi]   Indeed for India, and a majority of Afro-Asian nations emerging from years of colonialism, the idea of remaining outside the influence of two super-powers through non-alignment was seen as the best option: a message from the Third World of their wish to remain free and immune from superpower Cold War rivalry. But it held more than that for Nehru for whom non-alignment was not conceived merely as a response to the military blocs or the Cold War, but as a global egalitarian movement to restructure the existing inequitable world in all its aspects; political, social and economicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [xvii]   The choice of non-alignment in the wake of freedom, was an obvious one, even an unavoidable one. The two men most responsible for Indias external relations, Nehru and Krishna Menon, moulded the doctrine into a global weapon to protect itself and others against past injustice and inequitable practices. Ramachandran defines the multi-dimensional thrust of their policy fulcrum: Nehru and Menon together turned non-alignment into an effective world movement against colonialism, imperialism, racialism and the governing menace of military alliances  [xviii]  . POLICIES, TERMS AND MEANINGS As useful to a better understanding of Indias policy, pivotal to its external relations, the use of the terms neutrality and neutralism to mean the same thing as non alignment, demands clarification, because, from Indias perspective, the differences in meaning between neutralism and non-alignment is an important one. Besides, the Western political commentators often used the word neutral to mean non-aligned. While the concept of Indias non-alignment may have defied a precise interpretation, neutrality it certainly was not. Nehru, for one, was at pains to correct the misunderstanding in the West that Indias foreign policy was synonymous with neutrality. He explains the distinction with this interpretation of neutrality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.it means a person who sits on the fence and who cannot decide between right and wrong. India is certainly not neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.She believes in non-alignment because she feels that the only way to achieve peace is to extend the climate of peace and to prevent the Cold War form spreading into other parts of the world.  [xix]   Author R Thakur extends the Nehru metaphor with his comment that, they saw themselves not so much as fence-sitters as believers in the need to uproot the fence.  [xx]   Obviously non-alignment was more than a mere moral compass, it was an active foreign policy that involved India in international conflict resolution and the attainment of peace. It was a multi-faceted foreign policy instrument which gave India freedom to choose when, where and how it would involve itself in international questions while protecting its own security. During the debate in the Lok Sabha on Korea, Nehru referred to neutrality: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..when you say you are neutral that is a policy of not doing anythingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The whole essence of our policy s independence of any action, that is to say that at any moment we decide for ourselves what is best in our interests and in the interest of world peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [xxi]   BANDUNG: A THIRD WORLD VOICE NAM, which effectively represents the Third World giving it an Afro-Asian charcter, can be traced to the 1955 Bandung Conference which brought together leaders from Asia and Africa representing twenty-five countries; prominent among them were Nehru of India, Chou En Lai of China, Tito of Yougoslavia, Nasser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia, and U Nu of Burma. Given the heterogeneous nature of the Bandung grouping, finding a single unifying criterion for determining membership of NAM, on which to formulate objectives was no mean task. One writer describes this dilemma for the Bandung Conference organizers, (an informal group comprising India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Burma, referred to as the Colombo Powers): Ideologies and military alliances have now so cut across frontiers of geography and skin that even to agree on Agenda was no easy undertaking  [xxii]  . The relevance of non-alignment to Indias relationship with the West in the 1950s, the bloc seen by India as obsessed with the containment of Communism, and as a consequence, actively involved in drawing Asias newly independent states to support the strategic goals of the Western camp, becomes more apparent when the aims of the Bandung conference are examined. To promote goodwill and cooperation among the nations of Asia and Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..to consider social, economic, and cultural problems,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to consider problems of special interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(such as) racialism, colonialismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.to view the position of Asia and Africa ad their peoples in the world today and the contribution they can make to the promotion of world peace and co-operation  [xxiii]  . The Bandung Conference crysallised Nehrus plea for political and economic equity to generate a Third World Voice. It created an awareness in the Third World of their entitlement to a greater say in, and a fairer share of, the world system, an augur of a future protest against the subordinate status of the developing countries in the international system  [xxiv]  . Indian writer C.S. Jha saw the Bandung declaration as having affected global interaction, providing the newly independent countries with a model to guide their post-colonial futures. He describes the historic Bandung affirmation as having powerfully influenced the subsequent course of international relations and became the code of the nations that emerged from colonial domination after 1955  [xxv]  . For India, it was as exciting as 1947 and independence. The stature of Prime Minister Nehru  [xxvi]  , who played an initiatory role in bringing the non-aligned philosophy to fruition, rose in the Third World in the aftermath of this preliminary gathering of Afro-Asian states. Nehrus modest post-conference assessment of the Bandung gathering was that it may develop into something which holds together. In the Lok Sabha however, he was more expansive: While the achievements and the significance of the meeting at Bandung have been great and epoch-making, it would be a misreading of history to regard Bandung as though it was an isolated occurrence and not part of a greater movement of human history  [xxvii]  . This all helps demonstrate Nehrus unflinching commitment to world peace, the process of decolonisation, racial equality and fairer global economic equity, none of which figured in the Wests security driven, alliance diplomacy. This also helps to explain the Wests failure to persuade many of the newly independent countries, (which sought refuge in NAM after the rigours of colonialism), to align themselves with the Western camp. Furthermore, to add to their woes, the West, spearheaded by South Africa and supported by the likes of Australia, Spain, relentlessly followed the state policy of racialism in the form of Apartheid. Thus, India eventually became not only the pioneer of modern Asian nationalism  [xxviii]  , through its success in winning independence from Britain, but also, by remaining in the Commonwealth as a Republic, it established the bona fides of the new Commonwealth, based less on blood than on will  [xxix]  , it enabled many other Afro-Asian states to follow suit, undeterred by the experience of racialism and colonialism. The Apartheid policies were not only at odds with the Commonwealth ideal of equality of its members, but also strenuously opposed by Indias Nehru who was constrained to comment that if there is no solution to this problem very soon, the whole of Africa may be ablaze  [xxx]  . The declaration of Commonwealth principles, to which member nations were signatories at the Singapore Conference, was an important starting point. It states, inter alia: We recognise racial prejudice as a dangerous sickness threatening the healthy development of the human race and racial discrimination as an unmitigated evil of society. Each of us will vigorously combat this evil within our own nation. No country will afford to regimes which practice racial discrimination assistance which in its own judgement directly contributes to the pursuit or consolidation of this evil policy  [xxxi]  . CONCLUSION Probably, the most horrifying event following 9/11 is the extraordinary resurgence of imperialism as witnessed in the unfolding catastrophe in Iraq. Relations are being broken off, with the empire of the West splitting from the Third World, inciting xenophobia. European imperialism presented the choice between resistance and submission; cooperation was not an option. Europe unleashed violence on a scale unprecedented on those shores of Asia, Africa, as it did in the Americas. The peaceful trade of Muslims, Jews and Hindus in the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf that lasted 500 years was ended overnight, and Portuguese hegemony lasted until the arrival of the Dutch and then the British and then the Americans. The fall of the Berlin Wall was no proof of the vindication of capitalism as conventional wisdom would have it today, but rather the last 15 years show that untrammelled capitalism leads to war and empire. The uncontested reign of one system should bring peace, but we see the opposite, with dozens of wars. There was more agreement when the UN was founded.  [xxxii]   We are at a very different moment in history now, when the words Non-Aligned seem somehow empty and discredited; today the movement is often dismissed not just as a political failure, but as a minor footnote to the great power rivalries of the Cold War. It is true of course, that the movement had many shortcomings and met with many failures. Yet it is also worth remembering that the Non-Aligned Movement as such was merely the institutional aspect of something that was much broader, wider and more powerful: this, as has been said before, was the post-war ethos of decolonization, which was a political impulse that had deep historical roots and powerful cultural resonances. In the field of culture, among other things, it represented an attempt to restore and recommence the exchanges and conversations that had been interrupted by the long centuries of European imperial dominance. It was, in this sense, the necessary and vital counterpart of the nationalist idiom of anti-colonial resistance. In the West, Third World nationalism is often presented as an ideology of xenophobia and parochialism. But the truth is that many of these movements of resistance tried very hard, within their limited means, to create a universalism of their own. In that period, any citizen of the Third World will recall how powerfully they were animated by an emotion that is rarely named: xenophilia, the love of the other, the affinity for strangers a feeling that lives very deep in the human heart, but whose very existence is rarely acknowledged. Even in the 19th century, the high noon of Empire, people from Africa, Asia and elsewhere, sought each other out, wrote letters to each other, and stayed in each others homes while travelling. Lately, a great number of memoirs and autobiographies have been published that attest to the depth and strength of these ties. It was no accident therefore that Mahatma Gandhi chose to stop in Egypt, in order to see Saad Zaghloul before proceeding to the Round Table Conference in London. Yet it would be idle to pretend that solutions could be found by looking backwards in time. That was a certain historical moment and it has passed. Except that this time we must correct the mistake that lay at the heart of that older anti-colonial impulse which is that we must not only include the West within this spectrum of desire, we must also acknowledge that both the West and we ourselves have been irreversibly changed by our encounter with each other. We must recognize that in the West, as in Asia, Africa and elsewhere, there are great numbers of people who, by force of circumstance, have become xenophiles, in the deepest sense, of acknowledging that in matters of language, culture and civilization, their heritage, like ours, is fragmented, fissured and incomplete.