Banning Smoking in Public Places Essay Example for Free

Banning Smoking in Public Places Essay Millions of nonsmokers all across the globe are in danger of serious health risks because of smoking, banning smoking in public places is the only rational way to avoid such risk. Smoking is the number one leading cause of preventable death. This killer is responsible for painfully taking the life of just under a half million people a year according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC.gov; 2014) People that choose not to smoke have to bear significant health burdens by inhaling the toxic fumes of the smokers by sharing the airspace. This airspace needs to be regulated and shared equally. Smoking in public has many problems associated with it, ranging from health concerns, societal issues to even the illicit trade of un-taxed tobacco. Secondhand smoke is a combination of sidestream smoke, which is smoke that comes from the burning end of cigarettes, pipes, or cigars, and mainstream smoke, which is the smoke exhaled from the smoker. There are no safe levels of secondhand smoke. According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 2014), there are over 7,000 chemicals in secondhand smoke and 70 of those are linked to cancer. People that live with smokers increase their chance of getting lung cancer from twenty percent to seventy percent. Children are the ones most harmed by secondhand smoke. For them the issues can start in the womb, they can develop a type of liver cancer during gestation. Pregnancies are tougher when exposed to secondhand smoke, lower birth weights, premature deliveries, and even miscarriages can be a product of indirect contact. These are just a few of the ill health effects of being exposed to secondhand smoke, and how harmful it can be Anninos, H., Manolis, A. S. (2014). Everyone has been touched by secondhand in some fashion, nearly every adult has walked by a crowd of smokers and had to breathe in the contaminated air. Science and health professionals agree it is time for a change, the trick is how to make the change. There are semi-valid arguments that oppose smoking bans in public that say it will hurt the bar, restaurant, and club industries economically as pointed out by Craven, B., Marlow, M. L. (2008). They applied the Coase Theory to the subject of economic impact of smoking bans. They propose letting the free market decide for itself when and where such a ban would be implemented. This is a positive and one that should be looked at further. Americans overall want to be healthier, millions of dollars are made by people trying to be fit. If an owner of a bar decides that the bar will be nonsmoking he will attract a certain type of individual, one that is probably more educated and one that is more health conscience. People like that may be more inclined to spend more, therefore driving up profits and keeping his customers satisfied. Another positive aspect to that is the inside of the bar would be cleaner and healthier for his employees. Outright public bans are an option too, however they take a chainsaw to a problem where a steak knife would be better used. One of the main problems with outright public bans is criminalizing the behavior. On one hand the result would be a general public that does not ha ve to deal with secondhand smoke. However the criminal justice system is already hemorrhaging with non-violent offenders and one more law to ban a poor choice is not good policy. With the legalization of marijuana in two states and the decriminalization of the drug in many others, outright bans are not going to be coming anytime soon. The government is doing great work on tobacco education. They employ social media, billboards, TV advertising, and radio spots on tobacco and how awful it is. One powerful commercial shows a fifty one year old bald headed, toothless frail looking woman with a voice box giving tips on getting ready for the day. Commercials like that have direct impact on smokers, and nonsmokers. When nonsmokers become educated on the total cost of smoking they tend to push loved ones to quit. The antismoking campaign also adds a certain amount of shame to lighting up. It can been seen in every parking lot across America around lunch time, people hiding by their car and smoking. There has to be a rational and fair solution for both smokers and nonsmokers. Rights of both groups of people need to be respected when devising a comprehensive smoking ba n. The first policy that can be instituted is to restrict smoking to no closer than fifty feet from any public, or government building. Violations of the buffer rule could be met with punishments that fit the crime, such as community service. The second proposal is to require smokers that have children be educated about the proven devastating effects secondhand smoke has on the youngest of our  population. This could be done through the family doctor or even a referral from the education system. This would be completely for the benefit of the child. If parents know to what degree they are hurting their children, then their logical response should be to stop, or at least be more cognizant of where they smoke and how much exposure the children have. The last, most difficult, but one of the most important course of action is the complete smoking ban in public parks. Parks are meant to be places to connect with nature, nowhere in nature is the air perfumed with the putrid sent of burning paper and tobacco. Parks are a place where adolescents congregate and often smoking is very much a part of the activity. People using trail systems or paths in parks to exercise or go for walks have all suffered by going through the suffocating cloud. Smoking in public needs to be banned, the benefits far outweigh the cost. The victims of secondhand smoke have no alternative, they must to continue to breathe the air that has been breathed before unless the private and government leaders take action and ban smoking in public. References Anninos, H., Manolis, A. S. (2014). Where Smoking was Banned in Public Places, Myocardial Infarctions were Markedly Decreased!. Hospital Chronicles, 9(2), 1-4. Craven, B., Marlow, M. L. (2008). ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF SMOKING BANS ON RESTAURANTS AND PUBS. Economic Affairs, 28(4), 57-61. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0270.2008.00867.x Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) Tobacco Fact Sheet http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/

Impacts and Causes of Quality Implementation Failures

Impacts and Causes of Quality Implementation Failures INTRODUCTION: Due to, the increased competitiveness and arduous customers who desire to have high quality products at lowest prices; quality is acknowledged as a source of competitive advantage and have a higher strategic importance, is essential for success. (Spector and Beer 1994; Eskildson 1994) studies have shown that in organizations there are a lot of quality implementation failures, causes for theses failures are due to environmental uncertainty, Firm orientation, and Total quality management (TQM) was not properly addressed. (Puffer and McCarthy 1996) Â   Â   UNCERTAINTY: It means lack of assurance, about something and facts in decision making (Duncan 1972; Lawrence and Lorsch 1967). ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY: It is a state, when conditions are constantly changing within a business environment (jauch and kraft 1986). Environmental uncertainty takes place by complete customer knowledge and for more worth in products and services. It has promoted the business scene, accordingly, feat of any organization now rely more on its ability for delivering quality products and services to customers. So, Business organizations are now confronted with a triangle of problems that they must sort out for building sustainability and success. This is by practicing uncertainty, strategy, and quality. UNCERTAINTY DIMENSIONS: Environmental uncertainty rises or falls as environments differ along five simple dimensions: Homogeneity-heterogeneity: It is the number and range of areas having impact on the organization. Concentration- dispersion: it is interconnection between components of the environment Stability-turbulence: The rate and scale of change in the environment Resource Scarcity- Resource Munificence: richness and accessibility of resources Hostility-Supportiveness: it is the degree of competition and level of getting of the organization The challenge of current companies is to endure and grow while growing in a complex and harsh international market. Change has to be eternal, for example, as the attainment of new abilities. Change can thus only be observed as the important attitude of an organization. By evaluating this environment offers vision of the unique changes, the effects of these changes have on a firms strategies, and the making of special methods required understanding them. CHANGE MANAGEMENT Organizational change management (OCM): It is an organization structural process, used for safeguarding that changes are easily and effectively implemented, and that the lifelong benefits of change can be accomplished. CHANGE MANAGEMENT MODELS: KOTTERS EIGHTS STEPS TO CHANGE This model copes for knowing and handling change. Every stage admits an important principle linking to peoples reaction and approach to change, where people understand, sense and then make change. The model is intended on research which demonstrates that there are eight critical steps an organization or team demands to use in order to make sure that change occurs and sticks properly. (Kotter, 1996) BRIDGE TRANSITION MODEL: With the support of Bridge transition model, we can have awareness about the feelings of our workers and operate conditions according to the way that hold the changes committedly. It is a three phase procedure, where people slowly adopted the facts of new circumstances and the change that derived with it. ROGERS TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION CURVE: It defines the acceptance or adoption of a new innovation or product, along with the psychological and demographic features of acceptor groups. It is exemplified as bell curve. The model shows that first group of people that use a new product is innovators, and subsequent is early adopters. Next group is early and late majority and the last group that finally accept a product are called laggards. The curve makes the base of 5 step procedure of technology adoption; Knowledge, Persuasion, Decision, Implementation. KUBLER- ROSS FIVE STAGE MODEL This Model was developed by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross in 1960s. It is use to describe the grieving procedures. She suggests a sequence of feelings practiced by fatally ill patients before death, in which the five stages are anger, bargaining, depression denial, and acceptance. The Change Curve was a firm feature in change management circles By the 1980s. The curve, and its related emotions, can be accustomed to predict that how performance is probably affected by the declaration and following implementation of a vital change. PROSCI ADKAR model This Model offers a modest and action-focused five-step procedure. It is used by managers, directors and even workers to recognize and eliminate fences for making positive change. Individuals make changes effectively when they contain the essential Awareness, Knowledge, Desire, Ability and Reinforcement. PARTICIPATORY METHODS: It contains a sequence of actions with a common line. It allows common people to play a dynamic and significant role in making choices which affect their lives (Participatory Methodology Facilitation Guide, 2000). This method is used by publics, researchers, and donors. Its outcome is involvements of local realities, and it direct towards a well-supported and permanent social change. EXTENT OF UNCERTAINTY: It is the degree of rise in environmental vitality and intricacy (Johnson and Scholes 1999). Therefore, in complex environmental situations there are, larger level of uncertainty in the environment . Low uncertainty: An environmental change affecting the uncertainty is low. For example, variations in customer tastes are low, perhaps because of there are less factors that influence on demand. Moderate uncertainty: It links between low complexity and high dynamism. High uncertainty: The environment is extremely dynamic a d intricate and the links among the modules of the environment and the organization are uncertain. This makes selections more problematic. For instance, the broadcastings business is facing some uncertainties about technology, government rules, demand etc. All these uncertainties link in changeable techniques and use to predict the environment and improve reasonable choices. Strategy and Environmental Uncertainty They are closely related to environmental uncertainty. The degree of uncertainty perhaps is objective and assessable or subjective and apparent. The significant matter is that in such environments how organizations behave. (Zahra, 1987) determines that businesses that follow diverse type of strategic aspects will be inclined to observe their environment in a different way. (Hambrick, 1983), (Miller, 1986), (Snow and Hrebiniak, 1980) usually determined that these strategy types acts inversely under different environmental situations. STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH UNCERTAINTY IN ORGANIZATIONS: There are number of strategies that are used by organizations to encounter uncertainties of the business environment. (Miles and Snow, 1978) strategy is a strong description of the strategic behavior of organizations. It redirects a wide number of strategies and complete view to strategy conceptualization (Venkatraman, 1989). Four Basic Strategy types: The organizations can implement one of four approaches when retorting to uncertainty in their environment: (Miles and Snow, 1978) Prospector: (Miles and Snow, 1978) organizations adopted or follows this strategy is highly advanced and continually seeking out new markets and new prospects and they are oriented towards growth and risk taking. Firms can use3M strategies. And Johnson Johnson Company relate decentralization with a prospector strategy. Defender: It focuses on accommodating its present markets, keeping steady growth, and serving its present customers. For example, BIC Company used defender strategies; it has implemented a less violent, less business style of management and has taken to protect its considerable market share in the industry. Analyzer: An organization that assumed this strategy has market share and seeks to be groundbreaking. For example, IBM uses analyzer strategies. Thousands of their clients have bought IBM computers over the last some decades. It is in IBMs attention to keep these clients content and to lead new products and services that modernize their computer amenities. Another example contains Proctor Gamble (PG) has proven numerous name brand products, for instance Tide laundry and Crest toothpaste, it is significant for PG to stand to invest in its effective products, so as to keep financial performance Reactor: (Miles and Snow, 1978) an organization that monitors a reactor strategy has no reliable strategic approach; it floats with environmental proceedings, reacting to but failing to anticipate or influence those events. According to (Miles and Snow, 1978) organizations adopt a methodical and distinguishable outline of behavior toward environmental adaptation. An organizations strategy tackles three types of complications, Entrepreneurial: This relates that how an organization faces itself to the market. Engineering: It refers to the technical system of the organization. Administrative: It refers that how an organization tries to organize and implement its strategies, specifically, control, structure, and procedure issues. TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGING CHANGE EFFECTIVELY For Successfully Managing the change needs a shifting of the firm from its present condition to the state according to its future needs at negligible cost to the organization. (Wallington, 2000) Key steps are as follows: Firstly, familiarity with the present state is very necessary. This includes finding problems that company faces, assigning a degree of status to each person, and evaluating the kinds of changes required to resolve the problems. It involves imaging the Future state of the organization. This includes considering the perfect state for the company after the implementation of change, assigning this vision perceptibly to everyone involved in the change endeavor, and designing a waysof change to the new state. Stability is an important part of the transition for instance the companys mission and workers should help constantly in the uncertainty in order to aid and reduce peoples unease. All change should include employees at certain level. Organizational change needs to be clarified and linked, especially changes that affect how employees do their jobs. It involves the Implementing of change in well-ordered manner. This contains managing the transition successfully. It is supportive to assemble a plan, assign resources, and employ an important person to take responsibility of the change procedure. For this, The Companys leaders must do effort to create interest for the change by partaking their aims and vision and acting as role models. (Murray and Greenes, 2006) When a change process is done, it is always worthy to follow-up after implementation and measure how the change are employed and whether the implemented change deliver the intended results. Conclusion The current day organizations main challenge is to endure and even grow while developing in a complex and cruel international market. Change must be eternal, just as the gaining of new capabilities. Management plays very important role in bringing and implementing change in an organization proper functioning. While dealing with uncertain environment in business organization, there is also of responsibility come to on their shoulders. Managers challenge contains originating the change central for the company, so that assemble the human energy toward building and action, so as to correspond the structures with the accessible human potential. Thus, Personnel will be the performers of an evaluative procedure instead of the sufferers of a revolution. Change can hence only be observed as the important approach of an organization. It should ensue as a natural and liberal behavior that is applied by personnel themselves. The Change Management also play vital role in organizations uncertain c ircumstance it familiarizes and monitors organizations through complex and problematic changes. CMG is a global management referring secure staff by Manufacturing and Structural MBAs and Psychologists REFRENCES: Wallington, Patricia M. Making Change. CIO. 1 April 2000 PDF: Participatory Methodology Facilitation Guide. WaterAid. 2002. Kotter J, (1996), Leading Change, Boston:Harvard Business School Press Wallington, Patricia M. Making Change. CIO. 1 April 2000. Wischenvsky, J. Daniel and Fariborz Damanpour. Organizational Transformation and Performance: An examination of three perspectives. Journal of Managerial Issues. Spring 2006. Murray, Art and Kent Greenes. The Enterprise of the Future. KMWorld. March 2006. Spector, B., and M. Beer. 1994. Beyond TQM program. Journal of Organizational Change Management 7, no. 2: 63-70. Puffer, S. M., and McCarthy. 1996. A framework for leadership in TQM context. Journal of Quality Management 1, no. 1: 109-130. Duncan, R. B. 1972. Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Sciences 17: 313-327. Jauch, L., and K. Kraft. 1986. Strategic management of uncertainty. Academy of Management Review 11: 777-790. Zahra, S. 1987. Corporate strategic types, environmental perceptions, managerial philosophies, and goals: An empirical study. Akron Business and Economic Review (Summer) 18, no. 2: 63-74. Snow, C. C., and L. G. Hrebiniak. 1980. Strategy, distinctive competence, and organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly 25: 317-335. Hambrick, D. C. 1983. Some tests of the effectiveness and functional attributes of miles and snow strategic types. Academy of Management Journal 26, no. 1: 5-26.

Freuds Theory of Unconscious in Inter Group Relations

Freuds Theory of Unconscious in Inter Group Relations Freud’s contributions to inter group relations Freud’s theories on unconsciousness provided an important perspective that was relevant to the study of inter group relations. Freud believed that groups were composed of the unconscious life of each member. He thought a group couldn’t be understood without exploring the unconscious aspects of the individual member. He also was of the opinion that the individual couldn’t be separated from the group. In order to understand the mind, Freud believed that attention had to be paid to how the mind of an individual interacts with others (Caper 1999). The basis of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is that all behaviour is both instinctual and biological. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is composed of the ego which works to find a balance between the id and the superego. The superego would be classified as the demands our society places on the individual for acceptable behaviour, and the id comprises instincts, such as sex and aggression (Schultz Schultz 2005). T his aspect of Freud’s theory plays an important role in inter group relations. It addresses the unconscious nature of each person in a group environment, as well as the unconscious nature of the entire group (Wrogemann 2003). Unconscious influences at work in inter group relations are experienced in different ways. One example is when a group is experiencing a failure and in order to protect their ego they engage in defence mechanisms by blaming other groups for their failure. They look outside of themselves for excuses as to why their effort failed, instead of realizing as Freud did, that the anxiety each member experienced was cause by low self-esteem and insecurities (Bodenhausen, Mussweiler, Gabriel, Moreno 2001; Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theory of the unconscious and ego protection sheds light on how to improve inter group relations and increase success. If a group stopped deflecting from their own shortcomings by looking outside of their own organization they could more effectively correct their problems. If they would attempt to find the roots of their own behaviour they could get to the source of their failure. They would find it didn’t come from an outside group, but from within the mselves (Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theories, in part, are the basis for Terror Management Theory (TMT), which deals with managing thoughts of death and is important to inter group relations (Navarette, Kirkpatrick, Kurzban Fessler 2004). Looking inwardly is a concept that originated with Freud. McCormick and White (2000) reported that this self-analyzing method was an important aspect of psychoanalytic theory. Other scientists picked up on it and applied it to the study of groups (as cited in Wrogemann 2003). Cilliers and Koortzen (1998) report that Freud’s theories of psychodynamics contributed to the concept that groups have a life of their own. Not only does a group have a collective consciousness, it also is composed of the collective unconscious nuances of each individual (as cited in Wrogemann 2003). Each member of a group brings to it their own unconscious desires and unmet needs. Their inner conflicts and tensions are played out in the group setting, such as at work. In the work environment, as each person unconsciously attempts to solve their issues, they are met with frustration and disappointment. The work environment cannot meet those needs leading the individual to become aggressive and exhibit ot her negative behaviours. The end result is that of strained relationships with others. As with other groups experiencing failure, workers have a tendency to blame their frustrations on someone else. They blame others for their lack of success or their disappointment while at the same time attempting to find security in those very relationships (Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theory of regression was important to understanding inter group relations. Freud believed that depersonalization took place in the group causing a shift in inter group relations. The shift occurred when the individual member of a group loses his individuality and those unique qualities that set him apart from others. The process is an unconscious one where the group member takes on the role of child and the leader that of the parent. The result is a type of dependence on the leader that leads to thoughts that the group is not composed of individuals (Freud 1921). The lines become blurred. Bion (1961) had a more positive outlook on the dynamics of inter group relations. He claimed that when individuals came together in a group that they surrender their individuality to the leader and group in order to experience wholeness, oneness, and security. In order for the group to continue to exist it takes on something bigger that is outside of themselves. Freud’s contributions to the study of inter group relations was significant. By focusing on the unconscious he brought attention to the elements of group dynamics that involved unmet needs, unfulfilled desires, and other drives that are hidden, yet influencing factors in group interaction. His theory of the id, ego, and superego help to explain what happens in the mind of the individual and then collectively when part of a group. On his views regarding the importance of the individual in the context of a group, Freud wrote: only rarely and under certain exceptional conditions is individual  psychology in a position to disregard the relations of this individual  to others. In the individuals mental life someone else is invariably  involved, as a model, as an object, as a helper or as an opponent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (quoted in Caper 1999, pg. 1). Some of Freud’s theories have not been supported by subsequent testing by others, but a number of them have been shown to be valid. Freud’s theories on the unconscious and its relation to a person’s behaviour, thoughts, and emotions were accurate. Research that was conducted long after the Freud era ended demonstrated that his theory on the role of the unconscious was more extensive than anyone thought possible. Freud had no idea just how far-reaching his theory on the unconscious was (Schultz Schultz 2005). Research into inter group relations is based partly on the contributions of Sigmund Freud and the benefits derived are substantial. References Bion, W. 1961, Experience in Groups. New York, Basic Books. Bodenhausen, G., Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S. Moreno, K. 2001, Affective Influences  On Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations. In Handbook of Affect and Social   Cognition, ed. J.P. Forgas, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ,  pp. 319-338. Caper, R. 1999, ‘Group Psychology and the Psychoanalytic Group’, [Online],  International Psychoanalytic Organization, pg. 1. Available from:  http://eseries.ipa.org.uk/prev/CIRC/Caper-m1.htm> [3 January 2006]. Freud, S. 1921, ‘Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego’, London,  International Psychological Press. Navarette, C. , Kirkpatrick, L., Kurzban, R. Fessler, D. 2004, Group Processes and   Intergroup Relations, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 370-397. Schultz, D. Schultz, S. 2004, A History of Modern Psychology (8th ed.). Belmont,  CA, Thompson/Wadsworth. Wrogemann, G. 2003, ‘Intergroup Relations in Organisations’, 6th Annual Conference of   The Society for Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Available from:  http://www.siopsa.org.za, [3 January 2006].

Jewellery Technology :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

Jewellery Technology 1. What was the first type of jewellery made by people? Jewellery had begun in Africa about ten thousand million years ago. Africans in the Semlike River Valley of Congo (Zaire) in 100,100 BC to 70,000 BC were creating complex tools from stones, shells, bones and any other material found in the area. Some materials came from animals and humans. Inside the Blombos Caves of South Africa, there were facts of engraved pictures on the walls such as a block of red ochre which is dated to be about 70,000 to 100,000 years old. In the exact same cave, the very first evidence of jewellery was found and to be over 50,000 years old. 2. What sort of people made this jewellery? People who made this kind of jewellery I believe were the Africans and their unique tools made from stones and bones. Some of these jewellery might have come from the environment itself but people claimed it too be their own. Only people who have the skills to make jewellery and who have the tools. 3. What type of material is used today in the manufacture of jewellery? Metal Gold Silver Bronze Plastic Glass Diamonds 4. Why has change in Jewellery material occurred over time? The making of Jewellery using ivory was banned because of the people needed it more than just Jewellery and they were running out on supplies for it. Due to the policy, instead of using ivory to make jewellery, they have been using plastic or bone. In the future, they might plan to use ivory again. 5. How has Jewellery been used in society over time? People have been using Jewellery mainly for fashion designs and decoration; I believe that countries that use diamonds often to just cut glass, since diamonds are sharper and stronger than a plane old knife. People might use Jewellery as tools instead of wearable piece. 6. How has Jewellery affected the natural environment? Jewellery has endangered and affected the natural environment in many different ways. People in our world have been mining all over the world. They have been destroyed forest caves, banks, hills and rivers. Some cruel people still mine. In ancient times, people make special temples from the side of a mountain or cliff just to hide their treasure. Major Impacts on the environment can occur at most stages of mining, from exploration through to mine closure, and may result from both large- and small-scale mining operations. Impacts could have an effect on the natural environment such as the water, soil, air and even human beings health. The public understands on the environment which has changed very much in the recent years and the mining Jewellery Technology :: Visual Arts Paintings Art Jewellery Technology 1. What was the first type of jewellery made by people? Jewellery had begun in Africa about ten thousand million years ago. Africans in the Semlike River Valley of Congo (Zaire) in 100,100 BC to 70,000 BC were creating complex tools from stones, shells, bones and any other material found in the area. Some materials came from animals and humans. Inside the Blombos Caves of South Africa, there were facts of engraved pictures on the walls such as a block of red ochre which is dated to be about 70,000 to 100,000 years old. In the exact same cave, the very first evidence of jewellery was found and to be over 50,000 years old. 2. What sort of people made this jewellery? People who made this kind of jewellery I believe were the Africans and their unique tools made from stones and bones. Some of these jewellery might have come from the environment itself but people claimed it too be their own. Only people who have the skills to make jewellery and who have the tools. 3. What type of material is used today in the manufacture of jewellery? Metal Gold Silver Bronze Plastic Glass Diamonds 4. Why has change in Jewellery material occurred over time? The making of Jewellery using ivory was banned because of the people needed it more than just Jewellery and they were running out on supplies for it. Due to the policy, instead of using ivory to make jewellery, they have been using plastic or bone. In the future, they might plan to use ivory again. 5. How has Jewellery been used in society over time? People have been using Jewellery mainly for fashion designs and decoration; I believe that countries that use diamonds often to just cut glass, since diamonds are sharper and stronger than a plane old knife. People might use Jewellery as tools instead of wearable piece. 6. How has Jewellery affected the natural environment? Jewellery has endangered and affected the natural environment in many different ways. People in our world have been mining all over the world. They have been destroyed forest caves, banks, hills and rivers. Some cruel people still mine. In ancient times, people make special temples from the side of a mountain or cliff just to hide their treasure. Major Impacts on the environment can occur at most stages of mining, from exploration through to mine closure, and may result from both large- and small-scale mining operations. Impacts could have an effect on the natural environment such as the water, soil, air and even human beings health. The public understands on the environment which has changed very much in the recent years and the mining

The European Union: Cross-National Variation in Public Support, 1993 :: European History Essays

The European Union: Cross-National Variation in Public Support, 1993 Introduction The European Union was established in 1951 with the adoption of the European Coal and Steel Community. Many of its early integrative policies were technical in nature and received little attention from the general public. Consequently, a permissive consensus developed allowing the elite to pursue the ideals established by the European Union (EU) (Eichenberg and Dalton 1993, Gabel and Palmer 1995, Gabel 1998). In time, integrative policies became increasingly aggressive in their scope and influence. With the adoption of the Single European Act in 1985 and the Maastricht Treaty in 1991, the EU began dealing forcefully with issues pertaining to monetary union, social policy, foreign policy, and constitutional reform. Public opinion became increasingly important as national governments began formulating policies based on decisions in Brussels, Strasbourg, and Luxembourg that affected domestic policies (Gabel 1998, Anderson and Kaltenthaler 1996, Anderson and Reichert 1996, Gabel and Palm er 1995, Eichenberg and Dalton 1993). European integration was still largely driven and advanced by the elite, but it could no longer progress without the support of the mass public (Eichenberg and Dalton 1993). In Ireland, France, and Denmark, national public referenda required the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. Ultimately public protests in France and Denmark on the Maastricht Treaty delayed and modified the institutional reform of the EU. In 1994, Norway voted in a national referendum to reject the EU altogether despite being granted admission. In 1995 parties in Sweden campaigning specifically against European integration recognized significant gains. Public opinion clearly influences policymaking in the EU. Furthermore, the literature illustrates that there is measurable cross-national variation in public support for the EU. It is necessary to understand what contributes to these differences in order to facilitate continuing integration. This paper expands on the existing literature explaining cross-national variances in support by examining economic rationality and political culture explanations. Economic Rationality For most of its history, the EU has existed purely as an economic block. Economic rationality posits that citizens seek to influence public policy by voting according to their economic interests regarding international economic policy (Katzenstein 1998). A large amount of existing literature suggests that economic rationality explanations are strong predictors of a country’s level of support for the EU. Specifically, the literature has tended to examine macro- and micro-economic, and direct and indirect economic explanations. Macroeconomic explanations focus on the national economic indicators of member states.

Low Visibility Essay

The short story â€Å"Low Visibility† by Margaret Murphy is a fictional story, which deals with many topics, such as violence, love, hate, oppression, and right and wrong and the story is told by an un ­instructed and omniscient 3. person narrator who tells the story as it unfolds. The plot takes off in medias res as we are thrown into a scene where Laura’s husband John is watch ­ing television without any introduction. The structure in the story lets us jump a bit back and forth between two settings, as we are shown what is happening in the streets though Johns television, while we are also following the main characters in the apartment. So the story unfolds two places: the streets and John and Laura’s apartment. The setting shows that Laura and John does not have a lot of money, and are probably low class or low middle class because they live in an apartment above a shop, which is not normally a location those people would choose to live. There is also smaller details that support this, like the fact that John wears boots inside, and John feels that his wife should not be trusted with anything of value, which might be an indication that they don’t really have many things of value. The title â€Å"Low Visibility† is a synonymous of Laura. She does not have anything to say at home, and she is John submissive. Margaret Murphy plays on this pun, by letting Laura feel invisible to her very filling husband, John. At the end of the story, Laura walks outside and joins the people of low visibility. Thereby she gets over John, and she does not want him to be a part of her life any more. Margaret Murphy shows this by now referring to her by her real name. We don’t hear a lot of factual stuff about Laura, how she looks and so on, but we do know a lot about her character. She used to be a happy, out going person and now her husband has squeezed the spirits out her( P.8 l.19-24). Laura is now a humble, nervous, humourless, unhappy and very submissive person: â€Å"Better that he hurt her absent-mindedly, as a man might puncture and tear at the rim of a polystyrene cup. It comforts her that there is no malice in it. She has learned to find solace in small things.(p. 9 l. 49-51) From this, it is obvious that their marriage is deeply dysfunctional. â€Å" People say he’s light on his feet for a big man, but he never was so with her. When he walked all over her, she felt it.†(P. l. 105-106). The sentence clearly describes their marriage pretty much. He doesn’t know how to love and she can’t stand up for herself. When he is described as a big man, it also symbolizes how he is both verbally and physically abusive and more in control than her. John as young he was always the outsider. The sort of person who always slouched at the edge of a group, eager to be a part of it, but never really was accepted and respected by the others. And exactly this depressing role was the reason for his and Laura’s marriage in the first place. She wanted to help him, to teach him how to interact with others socially. And he was hoping for about the same; that her popularity would make him popular too: â€Å"He thought that her good humour would seep into him, breaching the walls of his defences, that happiness was something that could be absorbed, as a plant takes in water, by osmosis.†(P. 8 l.19-22) Yet it did not work out the way they planned. He simply didn’t have the abilities: â€Å"He hadn’t the in ­telligence for wit or the disposition for contentment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( P. 22-24) The masses in the street are revolting because of some sort of oppression even though it is not said directly in the text what they are protesting against, and like he doesn’t have the intelligence to un ­derstand his wife, neither does he understand the people in the street:†What are they protesting about?’ John demands. â€Å"Their own shitty lives?’’(p. 8 l. 14). The riots are like Laura, just in a big ­ger scale. Because John does not understand this, he goes down to the store to fight off all of the looters, to strangle their protest like he strangled her spirit, but when he is beaten up and is lying on the ground, Laura sees that he is just a man, a man who feels afraid. Laura realizes that a person has ability to change. She is revived. â€Å"She feels herself returning – the particles of herself that her hus ­band caused to flee are returning into her† (P12 l. 161-163). She considers killing him with a brick, but chooses the Tigers Eye instead which is placed in her other hand. The Tigers Eye symbolizes that she is focus, patience like a tiger who concentrates on its desire. In this case, Laura’s desire is to be free. The most important is the importance of fighting for your rights and freedom. Laura’s marriage has reduced her to a simple object with no liberty or human rights. As the story however approaches, she realizes that she will have to stand up against her husband, if she wants the situation changed. When Laura walks away, she walks away to be invisible again, to join the invisible people (P. 12 l. 173). She fight oppression and changed the situation, like it is naturally to fight oppression. Some ­times you need a little push like Laura did, but essentially it is inevitable. It secures human survival, and it secured her mental survival. â€Å"A window explodes behind her, sending cascades of glass, mu ­sical, deadly, to the pavement. Laura is unharmed† (P. 12 l .78)

Business Ethics – Whistle Blower

Whistle-blowing is the release of information by a member or former member of an organization that is evident of illegal conduct in or by the organization. Morality on the other hand can be defined as the concern with the distinction between right or wrong conduct. There are basically four categories of whistle-blowing in the organization. Whistle blowing can be internal, external, personal or impersonal. Internal whistle-blowing is where the matter is reported to an executive in the organization.An external whistle-blowing is reporting the matter to external public interests groups, the media, or enforcement agencies. Personal whistle-blowing is defined as harm reportedly done only to the whistle-blower and impersonal whistle-blowing is harm observed as done to another. It does not matter what form the whistle-blowing is done in, a moral dilemma can occur when loyal employee observes the employer committing or assisting in an illegal or immoral act and thus would be forced to make m oral decisions.In making moral decisions, employees need to consider factors that may have both positive and negative results. These factors are to make sure the situation warrants whistle-blowing. One of these factors is, if serious trade secrets or confidential company property will be exposed the employee should also know the harm and calculated risk. The other factor is that the whistle-blower needs to examine their motives and verify then document their information, while making sure that the information sustains its place in the case of a hearing and court as well as there are a lot more guidelines to consider.Whistle-blowing carries serious consequences and often involve decisions to be made among conflicting moral, legal, economic, personal, family and career demands and choices. It does require a lot of self-sacrifice to stand firm and tells the truth regardless of personal outcome. There is nothing morally wrong with whistle-blowing or the right to freedom and speech. Virt ue theory requires an individual to personify integrity and courage (Adams, 2006; Bolsin et al. , 2005). However, whistle-blowing is legally wrong when the accusations are false and the motivation is not justifiable or accurate.This can violate the basic virtues of honesty and courage. Two such conditions under which whistle-blowing should not protect freedom of speech against their employers are when divulging information about legal and ethical plans, practices, operations, inventions and other matters that should remain confidential that are necessary for the organization to perform its work efficiently. The other condition is when an employee’s personal accusations or slurs are irrelevant to questions about policies and practices that appear illegal or irresponsible.Kant’s Categorical Imperative says, a person should choose to act only and only if he would be willing to have every person on earth in that same situation act exactly in that same way. Kantian theory d irects or instructs people to act in universally accepted rules. In light of Kantian’s imperative, employers and employees should use this as a guide to carry out their functions of preventing, reporting and effectively and fairly correcting illegal and immoral actions, policies and procedures. Management cannot expect employees to be loyal to an organization that promotes or encourages wrong doing to its stakeholders.Whether or not stakeholders are primary or secondary, they are directly or indirectly affected by the actions and goals of the organization. Whistle-blowing can also be looked at as a selfish act as well as a moral and legal act. Despite its outlook it should be the last resort. A more active goal or motive of the organization should be to hire, train and promote morally and legally sensitive and responsive managers to communicate efficiently and effectively for the benefit of all the stakeholders.If both employer and employees follow Kant’s Categorical I mperative which is in nature goes with the principle of universalism which states that that the right thing must always be done, even if doing the wrong thing would do the most good for the most people. With these theories whistle-blowing can be mitigated in an organization. In most organizations, employees normally quickly adapt the norms and culture. If the organization is involved in illegal practices then more often than not whistle-blowing will be a major dilemma.In order to avoid whistle-blowing, organizations need to practice legal acts and set examples that will uplift and promote the organization in a positive way. Every member in an organization is dependent on each other, especially those who are at total risk in terms of securities. The principles of Utilitarianism can also be applied to the issue of whistle-blowing. This theory believes that the act is morally right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of persons affected by it.If the circumstances i s however such where the employee decides to blow the whistle on an illegal conduct by another employer or by the organization then according to Richard DeGeorge, the whistle-blowing must fit all six of the conditions that makes the actions morally justified. The first two conditions are when the firm, through a product or policy, will commit serious and considerable harm to the public example; consumers or bystanders. The employer should report the firm and then when he or she identifies a serious threat of harm, then he or she should report it and state his or her moral concerns.